Sergey Banadyev, Tus kws kho mob ntawm Agricultural Sciences, Doka Gene Technologies LLC
Qos yaj ywm minitubers (MK) yog thawj tuberous cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tsis muaj menyuam. Tau txais mini-tubers yog thawj xyoo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm noob tswv yim hauv txhua lub teb chaws nrog cov qos yaj ywm tsim. Qos yaj ywm mini-tubers tsuas yog cog rau hauv av tiv thaiv, uas tsis suav nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev rov kis kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrog cov kab mob kis, fungal thiab kab mob (yog tias cov tubers los ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj menyuam tau loj hlob hauv av qhib, tom qab ntawd tsis yog cov tubers tau txais los ntawm cov kab mob me me. qhov tshwm sim, tab sis thawj tiam neeg).
Nws yog feem ntau lees paub tias txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub taub me me yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 10 hli, txhua yam tsawg dua yog micro-tuber.
Qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov tubers me me rau kev tsim cov 10 txhiab tons ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb yog: nrog rau tsib xyoos ntawm OS thiab ES (thawj thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb cov noob qoob loo) - 50 txhiab daim; nrog rau plaub xyoos ntawm OS thiab ES - 400 txhiab daim; nrog rau peb lub xyoo txoj kev - 3 lab daim.
Lavxias teb sab Federation muaj nws tus kheej lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cheeb tsam no. Kev nthuav qhia loj ntawm cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub tshaj plaws rau kev loj hlob mini-tubers nyob rau hauv Lavxias Federation ib txwm tau ua ua ntej ntawm lwm lub teb chaws nrog cov qos yaj ywm loj hlob: yog li cov txheej txheem substrate tau qhia txog 40 xyoo dhau los, 15 lub chaw biotechnological tau ua haujlwm rau nws; hydroponic - 30 xyoo dhau los, nws yog siv los ntawm Doka - Gene Technologies, Meristematic Cultures; aeroponic - tsim los ntawm All-Lavxias Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Agricultural Biotechnology (All-Lavxias Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Agricultural Biotechnology) thaum ntxov 2000s, txij li xyoo 2010 cov thev naus laus zis no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm International Potato Center thiab nquag nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation, muaj cov nroj tsuag rau loj hlob mini-tubers yog tsim: Qos Ntoo thiab Meristem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, feem ntau cov tuam txhab cog qoob loo hauv tebchaws tseem tsim cov tubers me me hauv cov ntim me me, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txwv ntawm qhov xav tau rau lub tswv yim tsib xyoos kom tau txais cov neeg tseem ceeb. Tsuas yog lub tuam txhab FAT-Agro tau mus txog ntau dua 2 lab units hauv ib xyoos, uas txaus los hloov mus rau peb lub xyoos.
Ib qho kev nce ntxiv hauv kev tsim cov mini-tubers kom txo tau cov noob qoob loo thiab txhim kho cov khoom zoo yog ib txoj hauv kev los tsim cov qos yaj ywm noob qoob loo. Nrog rau qhov kev xav no hauv siab, ntau qhov kev sim tau ua nyob rau xyoo tas los no los txhim kho cov txheej txheem cog qoob loo. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab yog kom tau txais ntau lub taub me me raws li qhov ua tau rau ib tsob nroj hauv vitro thiab ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub tsev cog khoom. Yuav kom ua tiav nws, ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev cog qoob loo yog siv, tab sis tsis yog txhua qhov kev daws teeb meem raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb muab cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam.
Ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo yog kev paub txog. Lavxias teb sab zus tau tej cov mini-qos yaj ywm tubers yeej ib txwm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau npaum thiab advanced scientific thiab technologies. Thiab tam sim no lub teb chaws tau muaj thiab siv cov thev naus laus zis uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua rau qib ntiaj teb.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus rau kev tsim nyog ntawm mini-tubers yog ua raws li cov cai thiab cov cai tam sim no. Txoj cai tswjfwm ntawm Lavxias Federation rau lub ntsiab lus no yog kev tawm tswv yim hauv qhov xwm txheej, tam sim no cov cai ntawm kev lees paub ntawm cov qoob loo ua liaj ua teb, piv txwv li, tsis muaj lus hais txog cov cai rau kev tsim khoom thiab ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov qos yaj ywm me me. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, nws yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau kev paub thoob ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv txhua lub teb chaws uas tsim cov noob qos yaj ywm, yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau rau lub koom haum, technology thiab zoo ntawm cov tsim mini-tubers tau txais, raug pom zoo thiab nruj me ntsis soj ntsuam.
Cov kev cai no yuav tsum tau coj los ua lub hauv paus los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv tsev tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov mini-tubers, hauv cov qauv kev lag luam, rau kev tswj tus kheej, kom txog rau thaum lub xeev tau tsim cov txheej txheem tswj hwm hauv cheeb tsam no. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation muaj cov cai rau kev siv technology tshiab tsim ntawm yug me nyuam complexes thiab reproduction greenhouses NTP-APK 1.10.09.001-02. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm NTP tsis suav nrog hauv cov ntaub ntawv ib ntu ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov qauv tsim rau kev loj hlob mini-tubers. Thiab muaj ntau yam zoo li no, piv txwv li: lub tsev cog khoom yuav tsum muaj ob lub qhov rooj nrog chav hnav khaub ncaws hloov khaub ncaws. Qhov chaw hloov pauv yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cov ntaub qhwv ko taw thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav tes kom ntxuav thiab ntxuav tes. Lub qhov rooj nkag thiab tag nrho cov qhov cua qhib yuav tsum tau them nrog aphid tiv thaiv mesh (mesh loj tshaj 0,5 los ntawm 0,9 hli). Chav tsev yuav tsum tau tswj kom zoo rau qhov kub thiab txias (tseem siv tau rau lub tsev iav). Ib qho av-dawb nruab nrab yuav tsum tau siv rau kev hloov ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj menyuam. Yog siv cov av / av sib tov, nws yuav tsum tau kho / kom tsis muaj menyuam kom tsim nyog kom tsis txhob muaj cov kab mob hauv av.
Cov qoob loo minituber yuav tsum tau txais los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj microplants lossis microtubers loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig aseptic los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg meristematic ntawm cov khoom siv, kuaj xyuas qhov tsis muaj kab mob, viroids thiab kab mob uas kis tau qos yaj ywm hauv qhov chaw kuaj pom zoo.
Cov txheej txheem, txheej txheem, zaus ntawm kev ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev tsim cov mini-tubers yog nruj me ntsis tswj.
Ntau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tau sau tseg ntawm kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm micropropagation raws tu qauv. Kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam no qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm los txhim kho cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob raws li kev hloov pauv hauv cov concentration thiab qhov piv ntawm cov as-ham. Nws tau raug tsim los hais tias kev siv ntawm kev loj hlob regulators nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai ntawm qos meristems yog tsis tsim nyog, tab sis ntxiv ntawm tej yam tshuaj, txawm nyob rau hauv tsawg concentrations, nce thiab accelerates zus tau tej cov khoom. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau optimize lub incubation tej yam kev mob ntawm micropropagated qos qos nroj tsuag siv ntau yam teeb pom kev zoo, hom teeb pom kev zoo thiab chav cua. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm LED teeb, lawv lub peev xwm tau pib kawm txog kev cuam tshuam nrog qos yaj ywm micropropagation. Liab thiab deb liab teeb spectrum nce kev loj hlob yam ntxwv; Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm liab + xiav + deb liab / dawb lub teeb muaj qhov zoo dua ntawm tuber tsim thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm thawj cov metabolites.
Cov thev naus laus zis rau kev loj hlob mini-tubers tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj: substrate (zoo ntau yam) thiab tsis yog substrate (dej kab lis kev cai thiab aeroponics). Lub ntsiab technologies rau zus tau tej cov mini-tubers: nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso substrates (80% ntawm lub ntim), hydroponic thiab aeroponic. Tau txais microtubers kuj muaj feem xyuam rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm MC thiab yog siv ntau zuj zus rau kev tsim tawm ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov sib txawv ntawm microtubers thiab minitubers nyob rau hauv hom nruab nrab (microtubers tsuas yog loj hlob nyob rau hauv sterile nyob rau hauv vitro mob thiab minitubers tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ex vitro tej yam kev mob) thiab tuber loj. Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev txiav txim siab tau txais hauv cov kev sim ua tau zoo hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej tsis sib haum rau cov kev xav tau hais txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txhawb nqa tuber tsim hauv vitro kab lis kev cai. Qhov no siv rau ob qho tib si kev noj haus, kev siv cov tswj kev loj hlob, nrog rau kev loj hlob thiab kev siv cov kev ntxhov siab. Yog tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm rau pej xeem ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov microtubers tso cai, feem ntau, kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig nruab nrab - txog lossis me ntsis ntau dua li ib microtuber hnyav 200-400 mg rau ib tsob nroj, tom qab ntawd kev hloov kho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis hauv kev cuam tshuam txog kev tshwj xeeb. ntau lawm tej yam kev mob tsub kom cov efficiency ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation, muaj kev paub-yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no nrog zus tau tej cov yam tsawg kawg peb microtubers hnyav tshaj 0,5 g ntawm ib tsob nroj nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv xeem raj.
Rau kev cog qoob loo txhua xyoo ntawm microtubers thiab txhim kho lawv qhov zoo, ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm bioreactors tau ua lag luam hauv ntiaj teb. Cov tshuab semi-automatic no tso cai rau koj txo qis kev siv phau ntawv ua haujlwm thiab yog li ua kom cov khoom tsim tau thiab txo cov nqi tsim khoom. Microtubers tau txais hauv bioreactors muaj qhov loj dua thiab loj dua. Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam no yog kev tsim kho ntawm Japanese cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov tsim qauv.
Cov txheej txheem loj microtuber siv cov hnab yas kab lis kev cai ua tiav 100 mus rau 300 microtubers ib lub hnab, nyob ntawm ntau yam. Hloov cov concentration ntawm cov as-ham nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib tug qis dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm sucrose, nitrogen, nce qib ntawm poov tshuaj phosphate nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ua rau kom tag nrho cov naj npawb thiab nruab nrab qhov hnyav ntawm microtubers. Nyiv thev naus laus zis tso cai rau tsim 250 microtubers ib xyoos twg (hauv peb lub sijhawm sau qoob loo) hauv chav cog qoob loo 000 m2. thiab 80% ntawm microtubers tau los ntawm cov cuab yeej no muaj ntau tshaj 1 g, i.e. haum rau cog ncaj qha rau hauv daim teb.
Thoob plaws ntiaj teb, kev tsim cov tubers mini-tubers ntawm ntuj substrates prevails. Cov tshuab no, txawm tias tsim tau zoo, tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo. Genotype, ntev thiab tej yam kev mob ntawm in vitro cultivation, cog loj, raug rau cov as-ham thiab kev loj hlob regulators markedly cuam tshuam rau minituber ntau lawm. Lub hnub nyoog thiab kev kho mob ua ntej ntawm cov yub thaum lub sij hawm cog, cov xwm txheej thiab lub sij hawm ntawm hardening, lub caij ntawm cog thiab loj hlob, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov av ib puag ncig, txoj kev cog, qhov ceev ntawm cov nroj tsuag tso, chiv, thiab teeb pom kev zoo kuj muaj feem xyuam rau. kev siv ntawm mini-tuber ntau lawm.
Ntau yam ntuj tsim thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog raws li qhov nruab nrab rau kev loj hlob mini-qos tubers. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm tsev cog khoom substrates yog ib txwm peat. Lwm cov khoom xyaw - xws li perlite, vermiculite thiab vermicompost - kuj tau txais koob meej tsis ntev los no vim lawv qhov kev siv tau aeration thiab dej tuav.
Feem ntau, thaum loj hlob mini-tubers nyob rau hauv lub substrate kab lis kev cai, nws yog tsim nyog los siv macro- thiab microfertilizers. Ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, thev naus laus zis siv cov dej tsis tu ncua thiab fertilizing infertile substrates nrog cov as-ham hu ua hydroponics. Hydroponic technologies rau kev loj hlob mini-qos yaj ywm tubers muaj ntau yam siv inert substrates (xuab zeb, ntoo tawv ntoo, txiv maj phaub, thiab lwm yam) thiab dej ntshiab kab lis kev cai (nyias nutrient zaj duab xis).
Tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm qos yaj ywm khoom noj khoom haus nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub peev xwm ntawm kev tswj tuberization kuj yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv hydroponic cultivation, tab sis muaj kev nkag siab txog qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug tseem ceeb kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub concentration thiab piv ntawm cov as-ham rau txhua yam thiab nyob rau hauv txawv theem. ntawm vegetative loj hlob, pib ntawm tuberization thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag tubers. Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog muab nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov ntawv luam tawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus naj npawb ntawm tubers tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab los ntawm ib chav tsev sib txawv ntau zaus. Raws li deb raws li lub hom phiaj kev hloov kho rau cov kev daws teeb meem rau radically nce tus naj npawb ntawm tubers (thiab qhov no yog qhov zoo ntawm hydroponics) muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhib me ntsis. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, tsuas yog ob peb qhov kev tshaj tawm tau luam tawm tsis yog hais txog cov ntawv sau zoo ntawm xyoo dhau los, tab sis nrog cov ntaub ntawv qub.
Niaj hnub nimno tshaj plaws - aeroponic - technology rau loj hlob mini-tubers muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Txog rau tam sim no, txhua theem ua tiav ntawm nws qhov kev siv tau ua tiav, tab sis kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv mus. Tus nqi tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis ntawm aeroponics yog tias nws qhia cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm mini-tubers thoob ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Cov kev txhim kho no siv tau lossis tuaj yeem hloov mus rau lwm yam thev naus laus zis rau kev loj hlob mini-tubers.
Kev xaiv cov cuab yeej siv rau kev tsim cov mini-tubers rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb yuav tsum yog raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntsuas kev tsim khoom, theem ntawm kev pheej hmoo, kev xav tau ntawm cov peev txheej ua haujlwm, kev sib piv ntawm cov nqi peev, cov nqi thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo. Txhua lub tshuab muaj cov kev xaiv siv thiab kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom raws li ntau yam. Tag nrho cov thev naus laus zis siv thiab ua raws li cov khoom siv cog ntoo los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai tsis muaj menyuam lossis microtubers. Cov theem no yuav luag universal, nws tuaj yeem suav tias yog tus qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub thev naus laus zis ntawm kev loj hlob mini-tubers, koj yuav tsum xaiv los ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv.
Feem ntau ntawm cov tuam txhab loj hlob tam sim no loj hlob mini-tubers hauv iav lossis zaj duab xis av tsev cog khoom ntawm ntuj organo-mineral substrates nrog kev siv ntau ntawm peat. Cov tshuab no muaj tus nqi qis tshaj plaws ntawm lub tshuab raj mini. Raws li txoj cai, ib qho qoob loo loj hlob ib xyoos. Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, nws yog pom zoo kom tau 4-5 tubers los ntawm ib tsob nroj. Kev sib txawv ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj microfertilizers, cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg, PPP tso cai rau kom nce qhov sib npaug mus txog 8-10.
Kev sib cav hauv kev pom zoo ntawm bioreactor yog sterility, qhov siab tshaj tawm ntawm micro-tubers ib cheeb tsam. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm bioreactor yog qhov xav tau rau ntau cov nroj tsuag, me me ntawm tubers, teeb meem ntawm ripening thiab mechanized cog nyob rau hauv lub teb.
Qhov zoo ntawm hydroponics yog manufacturability, muaj peev xwm tiag tiag ntawm stimulating tuberization, khoom siv; cons - kev loj hlob tsis zoo ntawm cov hauv paus system, kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob los ntawm kev daws teeb meem, kev ua haujlwm hnyav. Aeroponics xav tau ntau qhov chaw thiab ua tiav ntxoov ntxoo rau cov hauv paus system, vim muaj kev txhim kho zoo dua thiab cov khoom siv cua, ntau tubers tuaj yeem tsim tau piv rau hydroponics. Txawm li cas los xij, aeroponic thev naus laus zis yog qhov xav tau tshaj plaws, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam ntau tshaj li ib nrab teev.
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas luv luv no qhia tau hais tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm peb lub xyoos rau kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm cov neeg tseem ceeb uas siv ntau lub mini-tubers yog qhov tseeb. Qhov nce hauv ntim thiab kev siv zog ntawm kev tsim khoom yog ua tiav los ntawm kev tau txais qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm mini-tubers hauv ib cheeb tsam nrog tsawg kawg ntawm cov nroj tsuag pib. Cov av npog thiab cov khoom siv yog kim, yog li tau txais tsuas yog 2-3 tubers los ntawm ib tsob nroj yog ib qho kev xaiv uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, txawm hais tias cov ntim loj ntawm cov tubers hauv ntiaj teb tseem tsim nyob rau hauv txoj kev no. Nrog substrate technology, qhov tseeb theem ntawm kev tsim khoom yog kwv yees raws li cov hauv qab no tsis: ib txwm - 100 pieces / m2, zoo - 200pcs / m2; siab - 300 pcs / m2 rau lub caij loj hlob. Hydroponic tshuab muaj peev xwm tsim tau 500 mini-tubers, aeroponic - 1000 mini-tubers ib sq. m. ntawm thaj chaw installation rau lub caij loj hlob. Rau kev siv: tus nqi ntawm cov chaw cog qoob loo rau substrate technology hauv 2021 yog 50 txhiab rubles. ib square meter rau hydroponic - 100 txhiab rubles, rau aeroponic - 150 txhiab rubles.
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev loj hlob mini-tubers hauv tsev yog kom ua tiav kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrog kev tsim cov tuber hnyav. Nws yog ib qho ua tau los ua kom muaj zog ntawm tuberization los ntawm optimizing microclimate (kub, humidity, photoperiod), optimizing ntxhia khoom noj khoom haus; kev siv tuberization stimulants, txwv kev loj hlob vegetative. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tau txais mini-tubers hauv cov ntim loj yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj thiab kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis. Lub nuances ntawm intensive cultivation ntawm mini-tubers tau coj mus muag ntaub ntawv rau ntau tshaj 20 xyoo. Tsis muaj kev cai lij choj hauv pej xeem, qhov no yog kev paub txog ntawm txhua tus neeg ua lag luam.
Nyob rau lub quarter thib ob ntawm 2022, phau ntawv "Mini Qos Qos Qos" yuav raug luam tawm, nthuav tawm thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam ntawm lub ncauj lus, thiab tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem ua tau zoo rau kev siv cov tuber me me. Cov ntaub ntawv ntim ntau dua 400 nplooj ntawv, phau ntawv yuav muaj los ntawm kev tso npe nkaus xwb. Xa cov ntawv thov mus rau: s.banadysev @dokagene.ru