Sergey Banadysev, Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Agricultural Science, SGC DokaGene
Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev khaws cov qos yaj ywm. Lub tuam txhab yuav tsum muaj cov kev cai nruj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub sijhawm kom ua kom huv si tas li thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia. Nws raug nquahu kom koj tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj hauv kev coj noj coj ua zoo. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav pab txheeb xyuas cov teeb meem hauv kev ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm kev huv thiab kev mob ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov chaw khaws cia tag nrho. Kev tshuaj xyuas kuj tseem tsim kom muaj cov ntaub ntawv los tswj cov hom haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws (tab. ib).
Cov lus 1. Kev ntsuas ntsuas qib kev tu cev hauv cov qos yaj ywm cia
Qhov Ntsuas | ||
1. | Qhov chaw khaws cia yog ntxuav thiab khaws cia kom raug. YOG/NO 5/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau tseg. | |
2. | Lub chaw cia khoom yog ntxuav thiab tua kab mob ua ntej siv. YOG/NO 5/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau tseg. | |
3. | Lub chaw cia khoom raug cais tawm txaus lossis cais tawm ntawm kev sib kis sab nraud. YOG/NO 10/0 | |
4. | Qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw cia khoom raug ntxuav thiab khaws cia kom raug. YOG/NO 5/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau tseg. | |
5. | Cia cov plag tsev yeej ib txwm khaws cia qhuav. YOG/NO 5/0 | |
6. | Qhov chaw ua khoom lag luam raug tiv thaiv los ntawm cov dej phwj tuaj lossis cov dej saum npoo av los ntawm kev thaiv lossis kev ncua deb txaus. YOG/NO 10/0 | |
7. | Muaj cov txheej txheem rau kev ua / pov tseg cov khoom tsis yog tus qauv. YOG/NO 15/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau tseg. | |
8. | Muaj cov txheej txheem rau kev ua / pov tseg cov khib nyiab thiab impurities. YOG/NO 15/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau tseg. | |
9. | Cov thawv ntim khoom ntim tau khaws cia raws li cov cai thiab tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob (noog, nas, kab tsuag, thiab lwm yam) YOG/NO 10/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau ntawv tsim nyog. | |
10. | Pallets, thawv, crates, thiab lwm yam yog huv si, nyob rau hauv zoo mob thiab tsis qhia txawv teb chaws cov khoom rau hauv cov khoom. YOG/NO 5/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau tseg. | |
11. | Cov khoom khaws cia sab nraud hauv cov tsheb thauj khoom, cov thawv ntim khoom, cov thawv ntim khoom lossis hauv pem teb hauv cov khoom ntim tau npog thiab tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob. YOG/NO 10/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau ua ke. | |
12. | Cov khoom siv tsis yog khoom noj xws li cov xim pleev xim, cov roj nplaum, cov tshuaj tua kab, thiab lwm yam yuav tsis muab khaws cia rau hauv qhov ze ze ntawm cov khoom. YOG/NO 10/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau ua ke. | |
13. | Cov cuab yeej siv tshuab siv thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia yog huv si thiab tiv thaiv cov khoom sib kis. YOG/NO 5/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau tseg. | |
14. | Kev ntsuas tau raug coj los pab tshem tawm cov kab tsuag (kab, nas) los ntawm qhov chaw cia YES/NO 10/0 Muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas lav qhov no. | |
15. | Muaj kev pab tswj kab tsuag hauv qhov chaw cia. YOG\NO 10/0 Muaj cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa. | |
16. | Sab hauv phab ntsa, pem teb thiab qab nthab yog qhov zoo thiab tsis muaj av thiab tawg. YOG/NO 5/0 | |
17. | Cov dej haus yog siv los ua kom txias / humidify cov khoom. YOG/NO 10/0 Muaj cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa. | |
18. | Muaj cov kev cai sau cia ntawm lub tuam txhab. YOG/NO 10/0 | |
19. | Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshaj lij lub luag haujlwm rau kev khaws cia. YOG/NO 10/0 | |
20. | Cov chav cia khoom raug saib xyuas kom ua raws li qhov ntsuas kub thiab av noo. YOG/NO 10/0. Muaj cov kev cai sau tseg. | |
21. | Thermometers thiab psychrometers raug kuaj kom raug. YOG/NO 5/0 Muaj cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa. | |
22. | Muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom, phab ntsa, thiab qab nthab. NO/YES, 15/0 | |
23. | Lub tub yees condensate tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog cov khoom. Lub tshuab tub yees ua haujlwm zoo. YOG/NO 10/0 | |
24. | Cov khoom siv tub yees (condensers, kiv cua, thiab lwm yam) yog tswj thiab ntxuav raws li lub sijhawm teem tseg. YOG/NO 10/0 Puas muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas lav qhov no? | |
25. | Cov khoom lag luam hauv kev khaws cia yog ua raws li kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm thiab kev puas tsuaj. YOG/NO 15/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau tseg. | |
26. | Ua ntej cov txheej txheem thauj khoom pib, cov tsheb nyob rau hauv qhov zoo (huv, ua haujlwm zoo, tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw phem). YOG/NO 10/0 Muaj cov kev cai sau ua ke. | |
27. | Lub tuam txhab tau sau cov cai rau cov neeg nqa khoom thiab cov tsheb ntawm kev tswj xyuas qhov kub thiab txias thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los. Cov kev cai qhia txog kev thauj khoom kub thiab nws raug soj ntsuam. YOG/NO 10/0 | |
28. | Cov tsheb thauj khoom kom txo cov khoom puas tsuaj. YOG/NO 5/0 | |
29. | Cov chaw ua haujlwm (cov chav xauv khoom, chaw noj su thiab so, thiab lwm yam) yog huv si thiab nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw cia khoom, tsheb thauj mus los, thiab chaw txais tos. YOG/NO 10/0 | |
30. | Cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia qhia qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom tuaj thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom tawm, uas tso cai rau ib pawg tshwj xeeb kom paub meej meej thiab taug qab. YOG/NO 10/0 Puas muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas lav qhov no? | |
31. | Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntsuas | |
32. | Cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws = 265 | |
33. | Ua raws li (31:32) |
Qib ntawm kev tu cev yog ntsuas tau zoo heev yog tias qhov kev ua raws cai yog siab dua 0,9, zoo - siab dua 0,8, txaus siab - siab dua 0,7.
Kev sau qoob loo, tu thiab tshuaj tua kab mob tsis tu ncua tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm ntau cov qos yaj ywm.
Qos yaj ywm pathogens nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv cia rau lub sij hawm ntev heev. Cov khoom siv warehouse thiab chav cia khoom nws tus kheej yog cov reservoirs ntawm teeb meem fungi, kab mob, kab, nematodes thiab nroj tsuag noob. Lawv kis tau los ntawm tuber mus rau tuber, teb mus rau thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom siv, thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia thiab ua rau muaj teeb meem yog tias tsis tshem tawm lossis tsawg kawg yog txo qis. Yog li, cov kab mob txhab nyiaj tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob tsawg kawg yog cuaj lub hlis ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog thiab cov av deposits thiab txog peb lub hlis hauv plywood thiab cov ntawv hlau. Cov kab mob kab mob rot pathogen tseem nyob ntev txog peb xyoos ntawm cov tawv tawv thiab mus txog rau xya xyoo ntawm cov ntoo. Qee cov kab mob - xws li kab mob lub nplhaib rot (ua los ntawm Clavibacter michigaense) - tuaj yeem ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm cog qoob loo nyuaj heev, txawm tias cov kab mob tshwm sim me me. Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los txo qis kev sib kis ntawm cov kab mob yog kev ua kom huv huv rau cov khoom siv thiab chaw cia khoom.
Feem ntau cov kab tsuag tuaj yeem tshem tawm tau zoo los ntawm kev tshem tawm tag nrho cov av thiab cov khib nyiab. Cov av nplaum tshwm sim ntawm txhua qhov chaw thiab cov cuab yeej tillage thiab tsis txwv rau cov tshuab ua qos yaj ywm tshwj xeeb. Yog li, tus naj npawb ib txoj haujlwm rau cov neeg tsim khoom ua liaj ua teb ua tiav kev tshem tawm cov av los ntawm cov khoom siv. Kev ntxuav tuaj yeem ua tiav siv cov dej los yog cov khoom siv chav dej. Thov nco ntsoov tias txhua txoj hauv kev no tuaj yeem ua rau xim tshem tawm / puas.
Cov cuab yeej siv hauv teb yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntawm cov av los ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm dhau los lossis thaj chaw tsis yog kev ua liaj ua teb kom tiv thaiv cov av tsis huv los ntawm kev xa mus rau thaj chaw tshiab.
Kev tshem tawm cov av thiab plua plav uas muaj ntau lab tus spores thiab microbes tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab nqus tsev.
Cov pa cua yuav tsum tau ntxuav kom huv si. Tsuas tso lawv tawm sab nraum lub hnub tsis txaus. Cov kab mob uas ua rau muaj kab mob hauv cov qos yaj ywm muaj peev xwm ciaj sia nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw cia khoom thiab cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav - raws li cov kab los yog cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm cov hlwb nyob ib puag ncig thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab mob qhuav qhuav, cov kua txiv qhuav los yog lwm yam khoom siv. Cov formations no hu ua biofilms thiab nyuaj rau yaj thiab tshem tawm. Kev raug tshav ntuj yog ib kauj ruam kawg zoo hauv kev tu cov cuab yeej lossis cov kav dej tom qab lawv tau ntxuav kom huv si thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.
Kev tua kab mob tsuas yog siv rau ntawm qhov chaw qhuav. Ntawm qhov chaw tseem ntub dej, cov micropores ntawm cov khoom tau ntim nrog dej, thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau qhov ntawd vim qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kab mob thiab microbes tseem nyob hauv micropores. Txhawm rau tshem tawm lawv, koj yuav tsum tau tos ob peb hnub ntawm kev ntxuav lub siab thiab siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob.
Qee cov tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem siv los ntawm fumigation (feem ntau yog cov tshuaj aqueous). Fumigation zoo heev revitalizes kaw qhov chaw ntawm ib qhov siab thiab configuration (qhov no feem ntau yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ua tiav nrog ib tug sprayer, nqus tsev vacuum thiab ntxuav). Tab sis rau kev kho kom zoo, nws tseem yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav kev ntxuav ua ntej.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob, pom zoo siv rau hauv cov qos yaj ywm cia (Table 2), tshem tawm txhua yam teeb meem kab mob. Lawv tshem tawm cov kab mob feem ntau, suav nrog cov uas ua rau muaj kab mob cais tawm, nrog rau cov kab mob ntub dej. Cov khoom xyaw nquag no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob fungi, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov kab mob uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm cia, xws li nyiaj scab thiab fusarium. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob hnyav heev thiab muaj tus nqi pH tsawg, yog li thaum ua haujlwm nrog lawv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv tag nrho cov kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ( hnab looj tes, khau looj plab hlaub, looj tsom iav dub, qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, khaub ncaws tshwj xeeb).
Rooj 2. Disinfectants rau zaub cia
Kev lag luam lub npe | Yam khoom muaj sia | Daim ntawv thov tus nqi / daim ntawv thov txoj kev | Spectrum ntawm kev ua si |
Eau de Javel corrodes hlau | Sodium hypochlorite | 10% (10 l / 100 l dej), 2,5% (2,5 l / 100 l dej) | Ua rau cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob |
AB5 - corrosive nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab thiab tsis-aggressive rau hlau nyob rau hauv ib tug diluted daim ntawv, | Formaldehyde (60 g / l) thiab glutaraldehyde (80 g / l) | 1%, tiv tauj lub sijhawm 10 feeb; tom qab ntxuav, ntxuav, zoo tagnrho nrog VMB (saib hauv qab) | Tawm tsam kab mob, fungi, kab mob |
VMB (nqus thiab tshuaj tua kab mob) - corrosive nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, tsis-aggressive rau hlau thaum diluted | Formaldehyde (24 g / l) thiab glutaraldehyde (32,5 g / l) + surfactant | 2-5% (= 20-50 ml ib liter dej); tawm rau 15 feeb, ces yaug. Tsis tas yuav tsum tau ntxuav (txhuam) cov khoom | |
Dej tsaws tsag - corrosion kuj rau hlau | Hydrogen peroxide (210g / l) thiab peracetic acid (55g / l) | 0,2-2,5%, nrog lub sij hawm sib cuag los ntawm 5 mus rau 15 feeb; tsis rinsing, | Kab mob, fungi, kab mob, poov xab |
Desperox - corrosive thiab oxidizing, tsis-aggressive ntawm hlau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv diluted | Hydrogen peroxide (210g / l) thiab peroxyacetic acid (55g / l) | 0,2-2,5% nrog lub sijhawm sib cuag los ntawm 5 mus rau 15 feeb nrog kev ntxuav ua ntej; tsis muaj dej yaug | Kab mob, fungi, kab mob, poov xab |
G-Extral Forte | Glutaraldehyde, 100 g / l | 1-2% nrog lub sijhawm tiv tauj tsawg kawg 20 feeb (+ soaking) | Kab mob, fungi, kab mob thiab spores |
Horti-Desin - tsis-corrosive rau hlau hauv daim ntawv diluted | Glutaraldehyde (20g / l) thiab dimethyledidesyleaammonium chloride (320g / l) | 0,25% nrog lub sijhawm sib cuag 15 feeb | Kab mob, fungi |
Virocide - tsis yog txhoj puab heev thaum diluted, tsis-aggressive ntawm hlau | 4 txawv molecules: 2 quaternary ammonia (248,6 g / l) + glutaraldehyde (107,25 g / l) + isopropanol (146,25 g / l) + pinoyl (20 g / l) | 0,5% nrog lub sijhawm sib cuag 15 feeb; ntxuav tom qab. | Kab mob, fungi, kab mob thiab spores. |
Hyprelva SL - tsis ua phem rau hlau tom qab dilution | Glutaraldehyde thiab cocobenzyldimethylammonium chloride. | Kev tua kab mob ntawm thaj chaw cia: los ntawm kev txau lossis thermal incineration, 1%, lub sijhawm tiv tauj tsawg kawg yog 30 min. tsis muaj dej yaug. Kev ntxuav ua ntej! | Cov kab mob, kab mob, fungi thiab poov xab |
Menno TerForte - corrosive rau hlau | Dimethylammonium chloride (312g / l) | 1% | Tawm tsam kab mob, fungi |
Ambionet yog corrosive thiab oxidizing. Kev sib cuag nrog galvanized nto thiab polyamide fibers tsis pom zoo | Glutaraldehyde (175 g / l) + Didecyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride (50 g / l) + N-alkyl-benzyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride (40 g / l). | Txau/soak: 0,25% tawm tsam kab mob, 0,4% tawm tsam fungi, 1,5% tiv thaiv kab mob. Yaug nrog dej. Kev kho cua sov: Fumigation: 2,6 l / 1000m3 /, lub tsev puv ntim 3 l / 1000m 3. Lub sij hawm tiv tauj: 1 teev | Kab mob, fungi, kab mob. |
Ammonium 38 Master - tsis muaj kev txhoj puab heev, nruab nrab pH, khaus (qhov muag, tawv nqaij, ua pa ib ntsuj av) | Cocobenzyl dimethylam ammonium chloride (32g / 100ml) + ethoxylated fatty cawv + 2-propanol | Siv rau txias soaking los yog txau. 0,5% tov, 5 l rau 10.000 m2 lub sij hawm tiv tauj: 20 feeb | Bactericide, virucide, fungicide, sporicide. Ceeb Toom: Cov khoom no muaj tshuaj lom heev rau ntses. |
Tag nrho cov active tshuaj no tau raug pom zoo rau siv nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ua liaj ua teb thiab tsev cog khoom zaub cog thiab tau dav siv nyob rau hauv Russia. Virocid thiab nws cov generics raug lees paub tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntau tshaj plaws thiab muaj xws li sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, ammonium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, tooj liab quinolinolate, quaternary ammonium, sib tov ntawm hydrogen peroxide thiab / lossis peroxyacetic acid. Cov tshuaj nquag no suav nrog hauv kev npaj ntawm ntau lub npe los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv; qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov feem pua ntawm cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb, cov nqi thov thiab qhov ua tau ntawm kev siv cov khoom rau kev ua zaub.
Kev xaiv cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau kev khaws cia yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no: chav kawm txaus ntshai ntawm cov tshuaj, cov khoom siv tiv thaiv pom zoo; kev txwv ntawm hom nto ua tiav (rau ntxeem tau lossis tsis ntxeem tau); muaj cov cim "yuav siv tau rau kev tua kab mob ntawm cov chaw cia khoom thiab / lossis cov khoom siv rau kev ua cov qos yaj ywm", "tsuas yog siv rau ntawm cov chaw thiab cov khoom siv rau cov noob qos yaj ywm"; muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ntxuav cov khoom nrog dej tom qab kev kho mob.
Cia peb nyob me ntsis ntxiv ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov chaw tua kab mob. Ib tug ntxeem tau nto yog tej permeable nto - xws li ntoo, rwb thaiv tsev los yog av flooring. Qhov chaw tsis muaj qhov ntxeem tau txhais tau tias yog impervious, tawv tawv xws li hlau, iav lossis pob zeb. Calcium thiab sodium hypochlorites tuaj yeem corrosive rau hlau nto. Hypochlorites thiab hydrogen peroxide cov khoom yog yooj yim inactivated los ntawm cov organic teeb meem thiab yog li ntawd tsis zoo li cov av los yog ntoo. Kev tso tawm ntawm cov av thiab cov khib nyiab yog qhov tseem ceeb kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj nquag no. Thaum siv cov tshuaj chlorine-raws li cov tshuaj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau kho cov pH ntawm cov tshuaj mus rau 6,0 - 7,5 kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws. Nws tseem ceeb heev kom tsis txhob muab cov tshuaj chlorine sib xyaw nrog cov dej kub lossis lwm yam khoom tshwj tsis yog tias tau tso cai tshwj xeeb rau ntawm daim ntawv lo.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog siv rau txhua qhov chaw thiab lub chaw cia khoom raug kaw rau ob lub lis piam. Tom qab lub sij hawm no, koj yuav tsum qhib lub qhov rooj, ventilate thiab qhuav chav. Cov txheej txheem no kuj siv tau rau cov cuab yeej ua pa. Yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo thiab ua tiav txheej ntawm txhua qhov chaw, suav nrog lub plenum, cua ducts, thiab plenum.
Kev tua kab mob zoo tua cov kab mob pathogenic uas muaj nyob hauv cov khoom siv thiab hauv kev cia. Tshawb xyuas daim ntawv tshuaj tua kab mob kom txiav txim siab seb puas yuav tsum tau yaug nrog dej huv tom qab kho. Thaum khaws cov noob qos yaj ywm, qhov chaw cia yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav kom zoo tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov chaw cia khoom uas yav tas los siv cov kev loj hlob inhibitor chlorpropham (CIPC). Yog tias cov noob raug rau CIPC residues, kev qeeb qeeb hauv kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob tshwm sim. Nws raug nquahu kom khaws cov noob qos yaj ywm tsis pub dhau ib xyoos tom qab siv chlorpropham kawg hauv kev khaws cia.
Lub chaw cia khoom thiab khoom siv yuav tsum tau ua kom huv si txhua lub sijhawm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Yuav tsum muaj kev tu txhua hnub thiab ntxuav cov chaw ua haujlwm. Cov khoom pov tseg yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw cia thiab pov tseg txhua hnub. Thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev, tej zaum yuav xav tau kev tua kab mob ntxiv ntawm cov teeb meem cia chav lossis cov khoom lag luam. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav siv txoj kev fumigation ua raws li tag nrho cov kev cai saum toj no. (daim duab 1,2).
Qhov xaus: Kev tswj kom huv huv tsis tu ncua hauv qhov chaw cia thiab kev tua kab mob tsis tu ncua ntawm txhua yam khoom siv tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob thiab kab mob thiab yog li txhawb nqa kev khaws cia ntawm cov khoom. Daim ntawv teev cov hom kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev nyiam huv ntawm kev ua haujlwm suav nrog 30 yam khoom, cov txheej txheem rau kev ua haujlwm feem ntau yuav tsum tau tswj hwm thiab ua ntu zus los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas sab nraud. Qhov ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau pom zoo hauv cov chaw khaws qos yaj ywm yog txaus rau kev tswj xyuas cov kab tsuag. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb (lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws siab, lub tshuab nqus tsev ua haujlwm, lub tshuab hluav taws xob pos huab) thiab faib sijhawm txaus thiab cov peev txheej los tswj kom huv si thaum khaws cia. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thiab saib xyuas ntau yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tiav kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tu, sau thiab tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov noob qos yaj ywm cia.
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