Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kab mob anthracnose (dub qhov chaw, dub dot), tshwm sim los ntawm fungus Colletotrichum coccodes, tau kis nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab qos yaj ywm loj hlob. Cov neeg tsim khoom thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom ntev tias nws yog kab mob me uas tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Tab sis qhov ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau ntxiv uas tau tshwm sim tawm tsam qhov kev xav tau ntxiv rau qhov zoo ntawm tubers ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv tshiab thiab hauv kev lag luam ua haujlwm tau kis tus kab mob anthracnose mus rau hauv qeb ntawm cov kab mob tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam uas ua rau muaj kev lag luam loj. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb (Kuznetsova MA li al., 2020), nyob rau hauv Russia mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab-1950s, anthracnose ntawm qos yaj ywm tsis tau dav. Tom qab ntawd muaj tus kab mob maj mam nce ntxiv. Xyoo 1980-1985, kev puas tsuaj rau cov qos yaj ywm nroj tsuag los ntawm anthracnose muaj li ntawm 5 mus rau 25%, xyoo 1986-1987 los ntawm 10 mus rau 35%, thaum lub caij ntuj sov thiab qhuav ntawm 1988, kev puas tsuaj rau saum yog li ntawm 10 txog 70%, xyoo 1989 - Los ntawm 5 mus rau 40%, nyob rau hauv 1990-2000 - los ntawm 3 mus rau 35%, nyob rau hauv 2001-2009 - los ntawm 2 mus rau 55%, nyob rau hauv kub thiab qhuav lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 2010 los ntawm 5 mus rau 100%, nyob rau hauv 2011-2019 - los ntawm 3 mus rau 65%. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo tias cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev nce qhov kev phom sij ntawm anthracnose yog kev xa khoom ntawm cov noob kab mob, kis nrog cov noob, kev puas tsuaj rau cov tubers thaum lub sij hawm siv tshuab cultivation thiab txo qis hauv cov nroj tsuag tsis kam tiv thaiv cov keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob tsis zoo. Anthracnose tuaj yeem txo qis cov qos yaj ywm yields los ntawm 12-30%, txo cov khoom lag luam zoo vim qhov chaw sab nraud ntawm daim tawv nqaij, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab ua rau txo qis hauv kev lag luam ntawm cov qoob loo thaum khaws cia.
Cov tsos mob ntawm anthracnose. Cov fungus Colletotrichum coccodes tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm qos yaj ywm tubers, stolons, keeb kwm, stems thiab nplooj. Nyob rau saum npoo av ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thawj cov tsos mob ntawm anthracnose tshwm li yellowing thiab ziab ntawm nplooj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, stems tseem ntsuab rau lub sijhawm ntev (duab 1). Anthracnose tsis tuaj yeem kuaj pom los ntawm yellowing ntawm nplooj ib leeg. Kev ziab ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis yog los ntawm anthracnose, sclerotinia, pectobacteria, tab sis kuj los ntawm cercospora blight, alternaria blight, thiab verticillium wilt. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kab mob tshiab, atypical ntxov ziab ntawm cov qos yaj ywm nroj tsuag tau nce ntxiv hauv kev tsim khoom.
Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub caij loj hlob, tus kab mob cuam tshuam rau stems. Ua ntej, me me bronze me ntsis tshwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas cov nplooj qhuav txuas nrog (duab 2). Tom qab ntawd thaj chaw cuam tshuam nthuav dav (duab 3). Tom qab ntawd, cov pob txha loj tuaj thiab cov txheej dawb ntawm mycelium tshwm rau ntawm lawv. Cov ntaub so ntswg hauv qab mycelium hloov xim los ntawm bronze rau dub (duab 4,5). Dawb plaque ntawm stems kuj tshwm sim los ntawm rhizoctonia, sclerotinia, thiab grey rot.
Yees duab 2,3. Kev loj hlob ntawm anthracnose ntawm stems
Duab 4,5. Dawb txheej ntawm anthracnose mycelium ntawm stems
Anthracnose me ntsis kuj cuam tshuam rau thaj av hauv av ntawm stems. Lawv zoo ib yam li cov xim rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm rhizoctonia (duab 6). Txawm li cas los xij, hauv rhizoctonia, tsis zoo li anthracnose, ciam teb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg noj qab haus huv yog qhov tseeb heev.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm anthracnose nyob rau hauv av ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau stems, stolons, thiab cov hauv paus hniav, nto rots, peels tawm thiab yog yooj yim sib cais (duab 7). Thaum cov av noo siab, qhov kev puas tsuaj yuav siv rau lub teeb xim liab.
Cov stems puas tau yooj yim rub tawm hauv av. Ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov stems, ntau cov microsclerotia dub tau tsim (duab 8). Li no lub npe lus Askiv ntawm tus kab mob - dub dot (dub dot). Tab sis qhov no kuj tsis yog cov tsos mob tshwj xeeb; sclerotia kuj tsim los ntawm verticillium thiab dawb rot.
Cov tsos mob ntawm anthracnose ntawm tubers sib txawv heev. Thaum pib, cov no yog grey, tsis meej pem ntawm tev. Thaum lub sij hawm cia, ib qho xim nyiaj tshwm (duab 9). Tsis zoo li cov pob khaus nyiaj, cov pob txha anthracnose tsis tshua muaj qhov sib cais ntawm cov tev noj qab haus huv thiab cov microsclerotia pom ntawm cov pob (duab 10). Ib qho chaw dub uas muaj xim xim av tshwm nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub tuber nrog lub saturation ntawm me me dub microsclerotia thoob plaws hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Kev cuam tshuam loj heev ntawm tubers wrinkle, daim tawv nqaij yog yooj yim torn tawm ntawm qhov chaw, qhov chaw me me sclerotia kuj tsim. Qhov saum npoo ntawm tubers yog uneven thiab bumpy. Ntawm kev txiav ntawm cov tubers cuam tshuam, cov ntaub so ntswg xim av tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau qhov tob ntawm 0.5-0.8 cm; dhau sijhawm, cov tawv nqaij nyuaj siab tshwm sim. Thaum lub sij hawm ntev incubation nyob rau hauv cia tej yam kev mob, cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob kis thoob plaws tag nrho cov tuber, quaj cov ntaub so ntswg, mucus tsim thiab ua tiav kev puas tsuaj ntawm xws li tubers tshwm.
Yees duab 9. Cov tsos mob thiab sclerotia ntawm anthracnose ntawm tubers
Nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm anthracnose, kev nyuaj siab me ntsis, ruptures nyob rau hauv lub tev, tsaus kev puas tsuaj rau lub vascular nplhaib thiab lub pulp ntawm tubers tau sau tseg, uas txawv me ntsis ntawm lwm yam tuber kab mob ( lig blight, phomosis, fusarium, ditylenchosis), tab sis tsis. tshwj xeeb. Cov tsos mob pom ntawm theem no tsis txaus los txheeb xyuas cov kab mob (duab 11).
Qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob thiab yam tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm anthracnose. Kev kis kab mob ntawm cov qos yaj ywm nrog C. coccodes tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm cov av, tuber thiab huab cua inoculum. Av inoculum, raws li txoj cai, muaj teeb meem ntau dua li tuber inoculum. Hauv av, cov kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim xws li sclerotia lossis raws li conidia ntawm qib tsis paub meej. Yav dhau los, nws tau ntseeg tias sclerotia muaj sia nyob hauv cov av tau ntau dua 4 xyoo; tam sim no muaj cov lus hais tias lub sijhawm no tau nce mus rau 8-15 xyoo. Cov kab mob overwinters nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm sclerotia nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov tubers cuam tshuam, ntawm cov nroj tsuag khib nyiab thiab hauv av. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, spores tsim rau ntawm cov nroj tsuag khib nyiab, tubers thiab kis nrog tee ntawm noo noo nyob rau hauv cov av thiab rau cov nroj tsuag. Thaum lub sij hawm lub caij ntuj sov, spores germinate nyob rau hauv poob-kua dej noo thiab muaj peev xwm kis tau tag nrho cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Reinfection ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshwm sim ntau zaus thaum lub caij; spores kis los ntawm cua, kab, thiab raindrops. C. coccodes feem ntau tawm tsam qos yaj ywm stems thiab lwm yam ntaub so ntswg thaum ntxov ntawm lub caij loj hlob, tab sis cov tsos mob ntawm chlorosis thiab nplooj necrosis, nrog rau cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm sclerotia, feem ntau tsis tshwm sim mus txog rau thaum lig lub caij loj hlob.
Kab mob noob tubers feem ntau yog thawj qhov chaw kis kab mob hauv av thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kis kab mob rau cov hauv paus hniav, stolons thiab tus ntxhais tubers. Ib feem ntawm lub tuber saum npoo tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm C. coccodes thiab qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob tom qab ntawm qia. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ntes tau tag nrho cov kab mob nyob rau hauv ib tug batch, vim hais tias cov fungus yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug me me ntawm qhov chaw los yog nyob rau hauv lub tuber. Cov noob uas tsis pom cov cim ntawm C. coccodes tuaj yeem kis tau. Cov fungus maj mam colonizes cov av los ntawm cov khoom siv noob, txav deb ntawm cov kab mob tuber ntawm tus nqi ntawm 1 hli ib hnub twg. Kev kis ntawm niam cov noob muaj kev cuam tshuam tas mus li ntawm tus kab mob ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, thiab tus kab mob no los ntawm leej niam cov noob pib sai tom qab cog. Cov noob tubers nrog cov kab mob sab nraud tsim cov ntxhais tubers nrog ntau zaus thiab qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob, nrog rau cov kab mob qia thiab cov tubers cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kawg ntawm stolon. Cov theem zoo sib xws ntawm cov kab mob tsim tawm ntawm tubers thiab stems ntawm cov nroj tsuag zus los ntawm cov tubers noj qab haus huv tab sis nyob ze cov noob tubers nrog cov kab mob sab hauv lossis sab nraud. Anthracnose mycelium txav hauv av los ntawm cov noob kab mob mus rau cov ntxhais tubers ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob sib ze. Tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev kis kab mob ntawm lub tuber nto thiab kab mob sab hauv. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov tubers uas muaj kab mob sab hauv kuj muaj cov kab mob sab nraud. Kab mob kab mob C. coccodes nyob rau hauv cov noob tubers yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb tshwj xeeb vim hais tias cov kab mob vascular tsis zoo li yuav tswj tau los ntawm kev kho cov tubers uas muaj kab mob fungicides siv rau hauv tuber nto.
Dab tsi ua rau kev puas tsuaj - cov noob kab mob, cov av tsis huv, kev sib kis hauv huab cua? Qhov no tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm qee qhov nta ntawm qhov txhab. Cov kab mob hauv huab cua zoo ib yam li Alternaria blight, tab sis cov rings concentric tsis tsim nyob rau hauv qhov txhab. Hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj plua plav cua daj cua dub, muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm nplooj kab mob hauv qhov no, vim cov xuab zeb qhov txhab muab cov ntsiab lus nkag rau cov kab mob. Qhov ntau zaus ntawm kev kis kab mob ntawm tubers ntawm stolon kawg qhia tau hais tias thawj kab mob ntawm tus ntxhais tubers tshwm sim vim kev nkag mus ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm stolons, i.e. los ntawm niam tub. Hauv ib txoj kev tshawb fawb, ib daim teb tau cog nrog cov noob huv si hauv cov av tshiab, tab sis pom tias nyob nruab nrab ntawm 15 thiab 88% ntawm tus ntxhais tubers tau kis kab mob.
Yog hais tias lub hauv paus tseem ceeb yog av, ces txoj kev loj hlob ntawm microsclerotia ntawm tubers tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho saum npoo ntawm tubers. Cov tsos mob ntawm cov pob khaus dub tshwm sim nrog ntau zaus hauv cov ntaub so ntswg (60 mus rau 90%) ntawm thawj hnub ntsuas 5 lub lis piam tom qab cog, tsis hais txog qib inoculum (qis lossis siab), tab sis ntawm cov stems underground tus kab mob pom nyob rau lub sijhawm no tsis tseem ceeb lossis tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav. . Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws saib ntawm tuber-borne inoculum pom tias cov tsos mob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav thiab cov stolons tuaj yeem tshawb pom nyob ib puag ncig lub sijhawm ntawm cov yub tshwm sim, thaum cov tsos mob ntawm cov stems tshwm sim li 7 mus rau 10 lub lis piam tom qab inoculation. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua raws li kev lag luam loj hlob nyob rau hauv Washington State (USA) tau pom tias C. coccodes tshwm sim thaum ntxov li 15 hnub tom qab tshwm sim nyob rau saum npoo av, thiab tom qab ntawd, 22 hnub tom qab tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv av stems; Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus kab mob feem ntau raug cais tawm ntawm cov kab hauv av nyob rau hnub ua piv txwv tom ntej.
Hauv kev sim teb hauv Scotland, C. coccodes colonization ntawm cov hauv paus ntaub so ntswg tau los ntawm cov kab mob tsis muaj micropropagated nroj tsuag zoo ib yam li cov hauv paus hniav tau los ntawm ob qho tib si pom kev huv si thiab cov noob tubers tsis zoo thaum soj ntsuam thaum ntxov ntawm lub caij loj hlob, tab sis tau qis dua tom qab. sampling hnub. Hauv Idaho thwmsim, colonization ntawm qia cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm C. coccodes saum toj no thiab hauv qab av yog siab tshaj qhov zaus ntawm colonization ntawm stolons thiab cov hauv paus hniav. Cov qauv no txuas ntxiv tsis hais seb tus kab mob no tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib kis hauv av, noob tubers, lossis foliar inoculation. Qhov no sib piv nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas pom tau tias cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob blackhead tuaj yeem kuaj pom thawj zaug hauv cov ntaub so ntswg piv rau lwm cov ntaub so ntswg uas tau soj ntsuam. Cov kev tshawb fawb sib txawv tau soj ntsuam ntau yam sib txawv: qhov hnyav ntawm cov tsos mob lossis cov ntaub so ntswg colonization los ntawm cov fungus, uas yog feem ntau yog vim li cas rau qhov tsis sib xws. Nws feem ntau lees paub tias cov kab mob C. coccodes nyob twj ywm latent rau lub sij hawm ntev ntawm stems piv rau cov hauv paus hniav thiab stolons.
Cov kev tshawb fawb uas muab piv rau cov teebmeem ntawm cov av thiab cov noob tau pom tias cov kab mob hauv av ua rau cov pob dub ntau dua li cov kab mob hauv cov noob. Raws li cov xwm txheej hauv tebchaws Askiv, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov noob tuber inoculum ua rau muaj kab mob anthracnose ntau ntxiv ntawm cov hauv paus cag thiab cov hauv paus hniav, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv kev faib ua feem rau qib ntawm cov noob tuber kab mob, thaum theem ntawm cov av paug ua haujlwm tau kwv yees theem ntawm tus kab mob anthracnose. Ua kom cov av inoculum nce qhov hnyav ntawm cov kab mob, nrog rau cov nplooj necrosis thiab chlorosis, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm sclerosis ntawm cov hauv paus hniav thiab stems.
Paub txog yuav ua li cas cov teb muaj kab mob nrog dub dot inoculum pab txiav txim siab txog qhov chaw xaiv, siv cov fungicidal tillage, los yog ntau yam loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam. Rau anthracnose, ib txoj kev kuaj xyuas meej tau tsim, raws li PCR DNA tsom xam, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm qib inoculum hauv av thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob qos yaj ywm tau tsim. Cov txheej txheem kev kuaj av rau kev kuaj anthracnose zoo ib yam li kev kuaj nematode. Target anthracnose DNA yog xam los ntawm PCR thiab qhia raws li pg DNA/g av (pg – picogram los yog trillionth ntawm ib gram). Cov txiaj ntsig hauv av tau txheeb xyuas qhov kev pheej hmoo tsawg (0-100 pg DNA / g av), nruab nrab (101-1000 pg DNA / g av) thiab siab (> 1000 pg DNA / g av) raws li kev ntsuas ntsuas ntawm cov av. kev kis kab mob ntawm cov qos yaj ywm. Yog tias tus nqi pib qis, muaj kev pheej hmoo me ntsis ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob anthracnose uas yuav cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam. Yog tias qhov chaw pib siab, nws muaj kev pheej hmoo siab tias kev lag luam ntawm ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tubers yuav raug txo qis tshwj tsis yog tias muaj kev pheej hmoo txo qis (Daim duab 13). Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv ntawm kev txhim kho anthracnose hauv ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, thiab kev kis kab mob ntawm cov av los yog cov khoom siv noob tsis tas yuav ua rau muaj kev txo qis ntawm cov qoob loo thiab cov tubers zoo. Qhov tseeb yog tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob anthracnose thaum kawg ib txwm nyob ntawm kev sib xyaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov xwm txheej sab nraud thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm agrotechnical hauv kev tsim khoom.
Qhov kub zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm C. coccodes hyphae yog 24 оC. Kev tsim ntawm sclerotia thiab tom qab kis kab mob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshwm sim ntau qhov kub thiab txias. Cov tsos mob tsis tau pom ntawm tubers ntawm qhov kub ntawm 15 оC, tab sis nyob rau ntawm qhov ntsuas kub no muaj coob tus kab mob tau pom. Aeration thiab lub teeb kuj cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm sclerotia. Conidia yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau dua nyob rau saum toj no sclerotia.
Anthracnose feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov av xuab zeb, qhov kub thiab txias thiab dej tsis zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib txawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj hauv cov nroj tsuag ntxhov siab ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev txheeb xyuas cov xwm txheej ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm abiotic thiab biotic yam ntawm kev txhim kho kab mob. Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, dej nag ntau dhau, kev siv dej thiab qhov kub tsis tshua muaj thaum ntxov lub caij ua raws li kev kub ntxhov ntev ua rau kis tus kab mob. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, kev ywg dej txo qis kev kis kab mob ntawm cov qia, cov hauv paus hniav thiab cov tubers mus txog 18 lub lis piam tom qab cog, tab sis nce nws tom qab theem. Nyob rau hauv cov neeg Ixayees, qhov twg tag nrho cov qoob loo yog tsis tu ncua irrigated, kab mob tshwm sim thiab yield poob tau raug soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv high kub thiab kuj qhuav av.
Tag nrho cov qos yaj ywm muaj kev cuam tshuam rau C. coccodes, tab sis mus rau qhov sib txawv. Cov kev tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws tau pom tias cov tawv nqaij nyias nyias muaj feem cuam tshuam rau anthracnose ntau dua li cov tawv tawv tawv. Muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ntau yam hauv qhov zaus ntawm qia colonization thiab qhov hnyav ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau saum npoo ntawm tubers. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qia thiab tuber infestations tau pom nyob rau hauv ib co cultivars, piv txwv li Desiree muaj tus nqi qis tshaj ntawm qia infestation tab sis ib qho ntawm cov kab mob siab tshaj plaws ntawm tuber infestation. Qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob yog siab dua nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ntau yam raws li tubers nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov av inoculum rau lub sij hawm ntev. Kev hloov pauv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si thaum ntxov thiab lig ntau yam, qhia txog caj ces cuam tshuam. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation, cais cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tsis kam ntawm qos ntau yam rau anthracnose. Piv txwv li, kev saib xyuas los ntawm All-Lavxias Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm tuber cov khoom ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam North-West pom tau tias ntau yam cuam tshuam los ntawm anthracnose yog Gala, Lomonosovsky, Eurasia, Labadiya thiab Sudarynya, thiab qhov cuam tshuam tshaj plaws yog Nevsky. , Liab Scarlett, Charodey thiab Alouette.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm anthracnose ntawm tubers yog siab dua nrog ib- mus rau peb-xyoo qos yaj ywm cog qoob loo. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm anthracnose tsawg zuj zus vim cov xyoo ntawm cov qoob loo nce. C. coccodes muaj nyob rau hauv cov teb uas tsis muaj qos yaj ywm rau 10 thiab 15 xyoo, tab sis tus kab mob kis tau qis tom qab 6 xyoo lossis ntau dua xyoo tsis muaj qos yaj ywm. Ntau hom kev cog qoob loo thiab cov nroj tsuag nroj tsuag cuam tshuam los ntawm anthracnose, ua raws li cov nroj tsuag tswv thiab pab txhawb rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov kab mob hauv av. Cov kev tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws tau pom tias nws muaj ntau tus tswv tsev, uas suav nrog tsawg kawg 58 hom thiab 17 tsev neeg, feem ntau cov zaub los ntawm tsev neeg nightshade - txiv lws suav, eggplant, kua txob liab, haus luam yeeb. Tab sis carrots, dos, broccoli, lettuce, rooj thiab qab zib beets, rapeseed, thiab daj mustard kuj raug cuam tshuam. Nplej, pob kws, taum pauv, sunflowers, cereals, taum, thiab peas tsis raug rau tus kab mob. Cov khoom lwj tso tawm los ntawm qee hom nroj tsuag - cov nroj tsuag cruciferous, qab zib clover, lupine, sorghum-sudanese hybrid - txo qhov kev loj hlob ntawm ntau hom kab mob fungi. Ntsuab quav nrog cov qoob loo biofumigant txo qhov hnyav ntawm anthracnose.
Ntau cov nroj tsuag (dub nightshade, teb bindweed, dawb pigweed, shepherd's purse, common nettle, knotweed, European heliotrope, etc.) tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov nce ntxiv ntawm cov inoculum lossis tuaj yeem ua qhov chaw ntawm thawj inoculum rau qos yaj ywm. C. coccodes inoculum ciaj sia nyob rau hauv cov av tsis tsuas yog nyob rau lwm hom nroj tsuag, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv qos tubers nyob rau hauv lub teb tom qab sau. Lawv germinate xyoo tom ntej thiab sau ntau yam kab mob. Weedy qos tubers nyob twj ywm siv tau rau ntau xyoo tom qab pib sau. Tswj cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb, i.e. Cov qos yaj ywm tuaj yeem pab dawb yog qhov tseem ceeb los txo qis tus nqi ntawm thawj anthracnose inoculum hauv av.
Nroj tsuag kev ntxhov siab los ntawm kev noj zaub mov tsis txaus lossis qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov qos yaj ywm hauv paus. Hauv kev sim tswj, nitrogen tau muab rau ntawm 5, 40, 160, thiab 640 ppm los ua kom muaj nitrogen tsis txaus thiab kev ntxhov siab ntau dhau ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Rooted nroj tsuag tau inoculated nrog kev ncua ntawm C. coccodes spores. Colonization ntawm cov hauv paus hniav yog qhov loj tshaj ntawm qhov qis tshaj nitrogen (5 ppm). Hauv paus colonization txo qis thaum nitrogen concentration nce mus rau 160 ppm, uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws N theem, thiab tom qab ntawd nce raws li nitrogen nce mus rau 640 ppm. Thaum kuaj cov poov tshuaj, qhov loj tshaj hauv paus colonization tshwm sim ntawm qhov qis tshaj ntawm cov poov tshuaj (0 mg K) thiab txo qis thaum cov poov tshuaj concentration nce mus rau 80 mg K (zoo li qib K), thiab tom qab ntawd nce me ntsis raws li cov poov tshuaj concentration nce mus rau 160 mg K. Ib yam. qauv kuj tau pom thaum kuaj phosphorus. Qhov loj tshaj hauv paus colonization tshwm sim ntawm qhov qis tshaj P theem (0,032 mL) thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis thaum P concentration nce mus rau qib P pom zoo (1,00 mL). Yog li, qos yaj ywm hauv paus yog colonized ntau dua los ntawm cov dub dot fungus thaum cov nroj tsuag muaj kev ntxhov siab los ntawm ob qho tib si tsis txaus thiab ntau dhau ntawm nitrogen, poov tshuaj, thiab phosphorus tshaj li thaum cov nroj tsuag muaj qib zoo ntawm txhua cov khoom noj muaj.
Irrigating qos yaj ywm tom qab cov saum tau qhuav nce qhov zaus thiab qhov hnyav ntawm tuber puas los ntawm anthracnose tsawg kawg yog ob zaug. Qhov hnyav ntawm tuber kab mob thiab tus naj npawb ntawm tubers cuam tshuam ntawm stolon kawg tau ntau dua hauv tubers loj hlob los ntawm cov nroj tsuag saum toj kawg nkaus piv rau cov nroj tsuag hauv qab-watered. Cov dej txav mus los ntawm cov av ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txav cov inoculum los ntawm cov noob tuber uas muaj kab mob mus rau tus ntxhais tubers.
Kev tshawb fawb kuj tau qhia tias qhov tshwm sim thiab qhov hnyav ntawm anthracnose nce ntawm cov tubers uas tsis tau ntxuav thaum khaws cia ntawm 15. оC piv rau 5 оC thiab hais tias thaum ntxov sau thiab qhuav cia ntawm tubers yuav tiv thaiv los yog txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob. Kev loj hlob ntawm qhov chaw dub ntawm tubers yog txo qis thaum cov qoob loo txias tam sim ntawd piv rau tubers tuav ntawm 12 ° C rau 10 hnub ua ntej txias. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom qhuav cov qoob loo kom tsis txhob muaj kev loj hlob ntawm rot. Thaum lub sij hawm ntev cia, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm cov tubers khaws cia ntawm qhov kub ntawm 2,5 ° C lossis 3,5 ° C.
Qos yaj ywm anthracnose tswj kev xaiv muaj nyob rau hauv kev siv cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv thiab kev tiv thaiv nrog fungicides. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov chaw dub yog kom txo cov inoculum hauv cov av los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qoob loo tig, tshem tawm cov qoob loo, cov qos yaj ywm thiab cov nroj tsuag. Txawm tias cov qoob loo ntev tshaj plaws nrog cov qoob loo uas tsis yog tswv tsev (piv txwv li, nplej, taum pauv lossis pob kws) tsis ua kom cov av zoo tag nrho (txij li thaum anthracnose microsclerotia tseem nyob hauv thaj teb mus txog 8-15 xyoo), tab sis nws txo qis qib inoculum. ob peb zaug.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv thiab txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob no, cov kev ntsuas hauv qab no yuav tsum tau ua:
1. Kev xaiv ntau yam uas muaj kev tiv thaiv siab rau anthracnose, zam kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj kab mob hauv cov teb;
2. Siv cov noob uas muaj ntawv pov thawj los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom muaj npe thiab sim lawv hauv thaj teb lossis hauv chaw cia khoom ua ntej yuav khoom. Tsis txhob kis kab mob ntawm ntau hom kab mob. Cov noob qos yaj ywm cov ntawv pov thawj txoj cai ntawm txhua lub teb chaws tam sim no tsis muab rau kev tswj hwm ntawm anthracnose, vim tias tsis muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau niam tuber thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob ntawm tus ntxhais tubers. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv nrog cov tsos mob ntawm anthracnose ntawm nplooj ua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation siv txoj kev PCR qhia tias tawm ntawm 96 cov qauv, tsuas yog 5 tau cuam tshuam los ntawm anthracnose. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab UK, qhov tshwm sim ntawm C. coccodes hauv cov ntawv pov thawj cov noob tubers muaj li ntawm 0 txog 90% thiab 0 txog 75%, feem. Cov kab mob kis tau los ntawm cov noob yog lub ntsiab channel rau kev sib kis ntawm anthracnose rau hauv cov qos yaj ywm loj hlob hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias Federation;
3. Ntsuas cov khoom siv noob rau C. coccodes los txiav txim seb qhov xav tau kev kho mob fungicide. Tsis txhob cog cov noob kab mob hauv thaj chaw huv, tsis muaj anthracnose;
4. Tsis txhob cog qos yaj ywm hauv av tsis zoo;
5. Ua kom yooj yim moldboard tillage ua kom muaj kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov nroj tsuag residues thiab lawv decomposition;
6. Sib npaug thiab txaus siv cov chiv;
7. Tsis txhob overwatering, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog raug thiab lig-ripening ntau yam. Txo tus nqi ntawm cov dej ntawm desiccation thiab sau qoob
8. Sau tubers sai li sai tau tom qab desiccation ntawm saum;
9. Ceev ceev ntawm cov qos yaj ywm hauv cia. Precise tswj qhov kub thiab av noo thaum khaws cia. Kub kub thiab condensation nyob rau saum npoo ntawm tuber pab rau tus kab mob;
10. Av biofumigation nrog ntsuab manure ntawm dawb mustard, oilseed radish, qab zib clover, sorghum-sudanese hybrid.
Yog tias kuaj pom kab mob anthracnose ntawm tubers thiab hauv av, tshwj xeeb fungicides yuav tsum tau siv.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv anthracnose. Tau ntev, fungicides nrog azoxysrobin yog tib txoj kev los tswj cov kab mob hauv av. Hauv ntau qhov kev sim, azoxystrobin tau siv los ntawm kev siv hauv-furrow ntawm kev cog lossis kev koom ua ke rau hauv av tau pom tias muaj kev txo qis hauv anthracnose. Qhov kev kho no ncua kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob rau ob peb lub lis piam. Txij li thaum azoxystrobin yog strobirulin (FRAC chav kawm 11), muaj peev xwm ua rau tsis kam, piv txwv li. tsis kam ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv nws, lub ntsiab lus no yog nquag tham, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm kev sib tw manufacturers ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv nroj tsuag.
Tam sim no, cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv molecules siv tawm tsam anthracnose tau nthuav dav heev, txij li nws tau pom tseeb tias kab mob qos yaj ywm tshwm sim thoob plaws lub caij cog qoob loo. Azoxystrobin tseem yog tus qauv rau kev ua tau zoo tiv thaiv anthracnose, tab sis yuav tsum tsis txhob siv ntau tshaj ib zaug hauv ib lub caij. Cov npe dav tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob anthracnose tau sau npe hauv Tebchaws Meskas (Table 14). Ob peb qhov kev npaj tau pom zoo rau daim ntawv thov rau hauv furrow thaum lub sij hawm cog, tus so - thaum lub caij cog qoob loo.
Table 14. List of fungicides for control potato anthracnose, USA, 2021
Dub Dot | tshuaj azoxystrobin | 6.0 - 15.5 fl oz Aframe, Sib npaug, Quadris Flowable, Satori, Willowood Azoxy 2SC | 14 |
Tsis txhob tshaj ib daim ntawv thov ntawm Pawg 11 fungicide ua ntej alternating nrog ib tug fungicide uas muaj ib tug txawv hom ntawm kev txiav txim Quadris thiab Headline yog Pawg 11 fungicides.
Quadris Opti yog pab pawg 11 thiab Group M fungicide. |
|
azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil | 1.6 pt Quadris Opti TSI | 14 | |||
azoxystrobin + difenoconazole | 8.0 - 14.0 fl oz Quadris Top | 14 | |||
pyraclostrobin | 6.0 – 9.0 fl oz Headline SC, EC | 3 | |||
azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr | 0.34 - 0.5 oz Elatus / 1,000 ft kab | 14 | Siv nyob rau hauv-furrow ntawm cog nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim band hla lub noob. Tsis txhob tshaj 9.5 oz / a raws li daim ntawv thov banded. | ||
chlorothalonil | 1.0 – 1.5 pt Bravo Weather Stik Echo 720 1.5 – 2.25 pt Bravo Zn, Equus 500 Zn 0.875 – 1.25 lb Echo 90DF, Echo Zn 0.9 – 1.36 lb Bravo Ultrex Echo 82.5. |
7 7 7 7
|
Nco ntsoov cov kev txwv siv raws caij nyoog ntawm daim ntawv lo. Tam sim no daim ntawv lo rau kev siv txhua xyoo ntawm cov khoom siv chlorothalonil hauv Wisconsin tso cai 11.2 lb ai/a Bravo cov khoom (Ultrex, WeatherStik, Zn) (tshwj xeeb W! kev tso npe yuav tas rau 12/31/17, txawm li cas los xij muaj kev rov ua dua tshiab - thov xyuas DATCP cov npe tshwj xeeb rau npe. ) thiab 16.0 lb ai/a Echo cov khoom (Zn, 720, 90DF) (tshwj xeeb WI kev tso npe tas sij hawm 12/31/20). | ||
chlorothalonil + Cymoxanil | Ariston 2.0 TSI | 14 | Siv sijhawm li 7 mus rau 14 hnub. Siv lub sijhawm luv dua thaum cov nroj tsuag loj hlob sai thiab cov kab mob hnyav heev. | ||
Cymoxanil + famoxadone | 6.0-8.0 oz Tanos | 14 | Tswj ntau yam kab mob. Ua raws li cov txheej txheem tswj kev tiv thaiv. Rau kev kub ntxhov. | ||
difenoconazole | 5.5 - 7.0 fl oz Sab saum toj MP | 14 | Ua raws li cov txheej txheem tswj kev tiv thaiv. | ||
Dub Dot (txuas ntxiv) | fenamidone | 5.5-8.2 fl oz Yog vim li cas | 14 | Tswj ntau yam kab mob. Ua raws li cov txheej txheem tswj kev tiv thaiv. Rau kev kub ntxhov. | |
Fluopyram + pyrimethanil | 11.2 fl oz Luna Tranquility (txhaum) | 7 | Pib daim ntawv thov fungicide tiv thaiv. Tsis txhob siv ntau tshaj 43.6 fl oz / ib lub caij. Tsis txhob ua ntau tshaj 2 daim ntawv thov ntawm ib pawg 7 lossis 9 fungicide ua ntej tig nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob los ntawm ib pab pawg sib txawv. | ||
fluoxastrobin | 0.16 - 0.24 fl oz / 1,000 ft kab Aftershock, Evito 480 SC 6.1 - 9.2 oz / a Tepera | 7 | Ua raws li cov txheej txheem tswj kev tiv thaiv. | ||
flutolanil | 0.71 – 1.1 lb Moncut 70-DF | thaum cog kev kho mob | Direct spray uniformly nyob ib ncig ntawm los yog tshaj cov noob nyob rau hauv ib tug 4- mus rau 8-nti band ua ntej npog nrog av. | ||
fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin | 4.0 – 8.0 fl oz Priaxor | 7 | Ua kom tsis pub ntau tshaj 3 daim ntawv thov / ib lub caij. Thov tsis pub ntau tshaj 24.0 fl oz / ib lub caij. | ||
mancozeb | 0.4 – 1.6 qt Dithane F45 4F 0.5 – 2.0 lb Dithane M45, Penncozeb 80WP, Penncozeb 75DF 1.0 – 2.0 lb Dithane 75DF Rainshield NT, Koverall, Manzate 200 75DF |
3
3
3 |
Tsis txhob tshaj tag nrho ntawm 11.2 lb ai/ib EBDC ib lub caij loj hlob. EBDC cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog maneb, mancozeb, thiab metiram. | ||
mefentrifluconazole | 3.0 - 5.0 fl oz Provysol | 7 | Tsis txhob siv ntau tshaj 5.0 fl oz (0.13lb) / acre ib daim ntawv thov. Tsis txhob txiv neej ntau tshaj daim ntawv thov ntawm 5.0 fl oz los yog | ||
Dub Dot (txuas ntxiv) | 5 daim ntawv thov ntawm 3.0 fl oz ib acre ib xyoo. | ||||
metaconazole | 2.5-4.0 oz Quash | 1 | Tsis txhob ua ntau tshaj 4 daim ntawv thov ib lub caij. Tsis txhob txiv neej ntau tshaj 2 daim ntawv thov ua ntu zus. Tsis txhob siv ntau tshaj 16.0 oz / ib lub caij. | ||
penthiopyrad | 10.0 – 24.0 fl oz Vertisan | 7 | Tsis txhob tshaj 72.0 fl oz / ib xyoo. Ua kom tsis pub ntau tshaj 2 daim ntawv thov sib txuas ntawm Vertisan ua ntej hloov mus rau fungicide nrog ntau hom kev ua. | ||
pydiflumetofen + fludioxonil | 9.2 – 11.4 fl oz Miravis Prime | 14 | Kev tawm tsam ntawm cov dot dub nkaus xwb. Tsis txhob siv ntau tshaj 2 daim ntawv thov hauv ib xyoos los ntawm huab cua. Tsis txhob siv ntau tshaj 34.2 fl oz ib acre ib xyoo. | ||
pyraclostrobin + metiram | 2.0 – 2.9 lb Cabrio Plus | 3 | Tsis txhob txiv neej ntau tshaj 2 daim ntawv thov ua ntu zus ua ntej hloov mus rau pawg 11 lossis M3 fungicide. | ||
Zoxamide + chlorothalonil | 32.0 - 34.0 fl oz Zing | 7 | Tsis txhob ua ntau tshaj 2 daim ntawv thov ua ntu zus ua ntej hloov mus rau lwm hom kev ua. |
Raws li xyoo 2023, cov khoom xyaw nquag pentachloronyltrobenzine, mandipropamide + difeconazole, azoxystrobin + mancozeb, mefentrifluconazole + pyraclostrobin kuj tau pom zoo hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Feem ntau ntawm cov npe tshuaj thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov active molecules raug tso cai siv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation tiv thaiv lig blight thiab alternaria.
Radical kev puas tsuaj ntawm anthracnose siv kev tiv thaiv fungicidal tsis tiav. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm cov kab mob thiab kev kis kab mob los ntawm ntau qhov chaw: los ntawm cov noob, av thiab cov tee hauv huab cua. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov txo qis ntawm kev txhim kho kab mob tseem ceeb - los ntawm ib nrab (Table 15). Cov qoob loo ntawm qos yaj ywm nyob rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb siab nyob rau hauv cov kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws (nplooj kev kho mob ntxiv rau daim ntawv thov rau cov av) nce 11-14 t / ha.
Table 15. Cov nyhuv ntawm cov av thiab foliar daim ntawv thov ntawm fungicides rau kev loj hlob ntawm anthracnose, ntau yam Russet Burbank, 2012
Kev kho mob IF = infurrow F = foliar @ 20 cm | Khoom / ha | Visual% dub dot- qis dua 10cm ntawm qia | C. coccodes ng DNA/g qos stem | Yield MT/ha |
Quadris IB | 639 ml | 48.2 ib ab | 1798.4 ib ab | 58.68 ib ab |
Quadris IF Mancozeb F | 639ml 2.2 | 41.0 b | Cd900.7 ib | 62.52 rau |
Quadris IF Priaxor F | 639 ml 426 ml yog ' | 31.7 c | 622.1 d | 54.36 ib |
Priaxor IB | 480 ml | 50.0 rau | 1542.6 ib ab | 54.72 ib |
Priaxor IB Bravo ZN F | 480 ml 1135 ml yog ' | 35.8 ib | Cd892.6 ib | 54.60 ib |
Priaxor IF Quadris F | 480 ml 639 ml yog ' | Cd25.6 ib | 1332.0 ib ab | 60.00 ib ab |
Priaxor IF Headline F | 480 ml 426 ml yog ' | Cd28.3 ib | Cd789.0 ib | 65.76 rau |
Quadris IF Fontelis F | 639ml 1.1 | 22.7 d | 595.1 d | 56.04 ib |
Vertisan IF Quadris F | 1646ml 639 Nws | 35.5 | 2249 rau | 57.36 ib |
Tsis Kho | 51.5 rau | 2072.9 rau | 51.96 c |
Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais (saib daim duab 15) qhia meej tias kev ntxiv strobirulin fungicides rau hauv av thaum cog tsis txaus los tswj tus kab mob no. Hauv Canada, lawv txawm xav txog qhov kev xaiv no tsis tsim nyog; fungicides tiv thaiv anthracnose raws li azoxystrobin, difeconazole, mefentrufluconazole, benzovindiflupyr thiab fluopyram + pyrimethanil raug pom zoo kom siv tsuas yog thaum lub caij loj hlob. Qhov tseeb, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov kab mob anthracnose yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum tsim cov kab ke tiv thaiv cov qos yaj ywm los ntawm cov kab mob loj (alternaria, lig blight) thaum lub caij loj hlob. lub caij, ib lub lim tiam tom qab desiccation, muab ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv ntawm txo kev puas tsuaj rau tubers.
Kev tiv thaiv cov khoom cog los ntawm anthracnose tam sim no lees paub tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam tshuaj nquag (difeconazole, pyraclostrobin, imidazole) yuav luag tag nrho cov inoculum ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tubers (daim duab 16). Tab sis qhov no yog ib lub sij hawm luv luv, nws cov kev tshwm sim yog leveled sai txaus, nyob rau hauv ib lub hlis, vim hais tias tus kab mob no kuj nyob rau hauv tubers.
Thaum kawg. Qhov teeb meem ntawm anthracnose tsis ntev los no tau nce ntxiv; cov kab mob no tau dhau los ua teeb meem kev lag luam. Cov fungus Colletotrichum coccodes, uas ua rau anthracnose ntawm qos yaj ywm, yog ib qho nyuaj rau kwv yees thiab paub tsis meej kab mob. Thawj kab mob yog latent. Kev kis kab mob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav, stolons, hauv av thiab sab saud stems pib tshwm sim thaum ntxov ntawm lub caij loj hlob, tab sis pom tseeb cov tsos mob lossis cov cim qhia ntawm tus kab mob (microsclerotia) yuav tsis tshwm sim rau cov nroj tsuag kom txog thaum lub caij sau qoob. Tubers kis kab mob hauv thaj teb tab sis yuav tsis pom cov tsos mob pom tseeb txog thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub sijhawm cia. Tus kab mob no tsis kis los ntawm tuber mus rau tuber thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev, tab sis cov kab mob zais thaum khaws cia pib tshwm sim thiab kev puas tsuaj rau tubers nce ntxiv. Cov tsos mob ntawm anthracnose feem ntau tsis meej, unambiguous thiab coincide nrog wilting los ntawm Alternaria, verticillium, ntuj aging, nitrogen deficiency, thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, kev txheeb xyuas tus kab mob thiab ntsuam xyuas nws lub txim thaum lub sij hawm loj hlob txheej txheem yog nyuaj. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tus kab mob ntawm cov qos yaj ywm yields tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees, txij li ntau yam xwm txheej thiab cov xwm txheej, ob qho tib si biotic thiab abiotic, cuam tshuam rau kev phom sij ntawm cov kab mob.
Anthracnose yog qhov nyuaj rau tswj. Lub inoculum ciaj sia nyob rau hauv cov av tau ntau xyoo, kis nrog cov khoom cog thiab los nag, thiab kab mob txuas ntxiv mus thoob plaws lub caij loj hlob. Kev cog qoob loo ntev tshaj plaws tsis ntxuav cov av, thiab hloov cov qos yaj ywm nrog cov qoob loo xws li carrots, beets, dos, daj mustard thiab rapeseed (rau cov noob) ua rau cov kab mob sib sau ua ke. Kev txo qis kev puas tsuaj los ntawm anthracnose yog ua tau raws li kev siv tag nrho ntawm cov koom haum thiab kev ntsuas kev siv tshuab thiab kev tsim nyog, tiv thaiv kev siv azoxystrobin thiab ntau lwm yam tshuaj nquag ntawm fungicides. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau theem ntawm kev kis kab mob ntawm cov khoom siv noob thiab av. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom fertilize tag nrho thiab sib npaug thiab dej qos yaj ywm, sai sai sau thiab khaws cov khoom kom zoo, ua kom cov nroj tsuag zoo, nrog rau cov qos yaj ywm, thiab siv cov nyhuv fumigant ntawm ntsuab manure. Cov fungicides zoo yuav tsum tau hloov pauv thiab siv thaum cog hauv av, thawj ib nrab ntawm lub caij loj hlob thiab ua ntej sau qoob. Ib txoj hauv kev tshuaj rau kev tswj cov kab mob anthracnose yuav tsum yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv qos yaj ywm niaj hnub.
Sau cov ntaub ntawv: Sergey Banadyev, kws kho mob ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb sciences. Kev Tshawb Fawb, "Doka-Gene Technologies"