Sergey Banadyev, kws kho mob ntawm Agricultural Sciences,
LLC "Doka - Gene Technologies" Ncua tseg teb
Lub caij no, muaj cov cim qhia los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom txog qhov iab saj ntawm qos yaj ywm yam tsis pom ntsuab ntawm tubers. Yog vim li cas rau qhov iab hauv saj yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm glycoalkaloids tshaj 14 mg / 100 g.
Glycoalkaloids (GCAs) yog ib txwm tshwm sim, iab-tasting, kub-resistant toxicants nyob rau hauv ntau hom nroj tsuag, nrog rau cov qos yaj ywm. Lawv muaj cov tshuaj fungicidal thiab tshuaj tua kab thiab yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntuj ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Tam sim no nws tau raug pov thawj tias cov qos yaj ywm glycoalkaloids hauv kev kho mob muaj ntau yam zoo rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv: antitumor, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, thiab lwm yam. Ib lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb rau kev tshaj tawm, thiab lub hom phiaj tau sau tseg hauv qab no. piav qhia txog cov kev xaiv muaj los tiv thaiv ntau dhau ntawm glycoalkaloids hauv cov qos yaj ywm.
Lub ntsiab HCAs muaj nyob rau hauv qos tubers yog α-solanine thiab α-chaconine (Fig. 1), uas suav txog li 95% ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm glycoalkaloids nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag hom.
Solanine thiab chaconine yog nitrogen-muaj steroidal alkaloids uas muaj tib lub aglycone, solanidine, tab sis txawv ntawm cov saw ntawm tri-saccharide. Cov trisaccharide hauv α-solanine yog galactose, qabzib thiab rhamnose, thaum nyob rau hauv α-chaconine nws yog qabzib thiab ob qhov seem.
rhamnose ua. Ib lub qos yaj ywm zoo tib yam muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm 10-150 mg / kg ntawm glycoalkaloids, thaum ib lub ntsuab muaj 250-280 mg / kg, thiab tev ntsuab muaj 1500-2200 mg / kg. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm glycoalkaloids hauv kev lag luam qos tubers yog qhov tsawg, thiab
kev faib tawm hauv tuber tsis sib xws. Cov qib siab tshaj yog txwv rau cov tev, thaum cov qib qis tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb. HCA ib txwm pom muaj nyob rau hauv tubers, thiab ntawm koob tshuaj txog 100mg / kg lawv muab sib xyaw ua ke los pab txhawb rau cov qos yaj ywm zoo.
Fabkis fries thiab qos yaj ywm chips feem ntau muaj HCA qib ntawm 0,04-0,8 thiab 2,3-18 mg / 100 g ntawm cov khoom, feem. Cov khoom tev yog cov nplua nuj nyob hauv glycoalkaloids (56,7-145 thiab 9,5-72 mg / 100 g ntawm cov khoom, feem). Kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm muaj xws li ntxuav, tev, txiav, blanching, ziab thiab kib. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm glycoalkaloids raug tshem tawm thaum ntxuav, blanching thiab kib, thiab npaj-rau-noj french fries muaj tsuas yog 3-8% glycoalkaloids piv rau raw cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau lub ntsiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm HCA tshwm sim thaum kib. Nws tau raug pov thawj tias tev feem ntau tshem tawm feem ntau ntawm glycoalkaloids hauv cov tubers noj tau. Qos yaj ywm siav nrog daim tawv nqaij tuaj yeem ua iab ntau dua li cov uas tsis tau tev tawm vim kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm glycoalkaloids rau hauv cov nqaij thaum lub sijhawm ua noj. Boiling txo cov qib ntawm HCA tsuas yog 20%, ci thiab microwave ua noj tsis txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm glycoalkaloids, vim qhov kub tseem ceeb rau qhov decomposition ntawm HCA yog li 170 ° C.
Cov xwm txheej ntawm HCA lom hauv cov qos yaj ywm hauv tag nrho keeb kwm ntawm kev soj ntsuam yog tsawg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsos mob tshwm sim xws li xeev siab, ntuav, raws plab, mob plab thiab mob plab, mob taub hau, ua npaws, mem tes ceev thiab tsis muaj zog, ua pa nrawm, thiab hnov qab yuav tsum tau hais. Cov koob tshuaj lom HCA rau tib neeg yog 1-5 mg / kg ntawm lub cev hnyav, thiab cov koob tshuaj tuag yog 3-6 mg / kg ntawm lub cev hnyav thaum noj qhov ncauj. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau cov qos yaj ywm loj hlob hauv lub tebchaws tau teeb tsa kev txwv rau glycoalkaloids ntawm 20 mg / 100 g tshiab qhov hnyav thiab 100 mg / 100 g qhuav qhov hnyav raws li kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev noj qab haus huv tubers.
Nws paub tias cov qos yaj ywm tubers nrog HCA 14 mg / 100 g twb iab me ntsis, thaum
kub hnyiab hauv caj pas thiab qhov ncauj yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov concentration ntau dua 22 mg / 100 g. Yog li, cov lus qhia zoo tshaj plaws rau cov neeg siv khoom yog: "Yog tias cov qos yaj ywm qab zib, tsis txhob noj."
Nyob rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob, khaws cia thiab muag cov qos yaj ywm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev sib sau ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai ntawm HCA hauv tubers.
Lub tsub zuj zuj ntawm HCA inevitably tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tubers, tab sis yog pheej rov ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci. Teeb pom kev zoo kuj ua rau tsim cov chlorophyll thiab qhov tshwm sim ntsuab ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tubers. Cov no yog cov txheej txheem ywj pheej nrog rau qhov sib txawv. Chlorophyll yog kiag li harmless thiab tasteless. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev cog qoob loo ua rau pom lub teeb pom kev ntev ntev thiab, yog li ntawd, kev sib sau ntawm glycoalkaloids uas tau tshwm sim. Qos yaj ywm uas tau hloov ntsuab yog feem ntau tsis muag los yog tshem tawm ntawm lub rhawv kom sai li sai tau thaum cov xim hloov tau pom. Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm glycoalkaloids ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus siab los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab txo cov nqi lag luam ntawm cov khoom muag. Ib qho teeb meem nyuaj tau sau tseg nyob rau lub caij tam sim no, uas yog, qhov iab saj ntawm qos yaj ywm yam tsis muaj cov cim qhia pom ntsuab ntsuab, tsim nyog rau kev piav qhia thiab kev txheeb xyuas ntawm qhov ua tau.
Txij li thaum qos yaj ywm ntsuab yog lub ntsiab ua rau deterioration nyob rau hauv qhov zoo ntawm qos yaj ywm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev lag luam thiab ib tug tseem ceeb kev lag luam teeb meem, tag nrho cov nta ntawm no tshwm sim tau kawm heev heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau cov ntaub ntawv kws tshaj lij kuj tau txais los ntawm kev sib sau ntawm HCA hauv tubers. Zoo li hauv av stems, qos tubers yog non-photosynthetic cog kab mob uas tsis muaj lub mechanism ntawm photosynthesis. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab raug rau lub teeb, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab uas muaj amyloplasts tau hloov mus rau chloroplasts nyob rau hauv peripheral cell txheej ntawm tuber, uas ua rau tsub zuj zuj ntawm ntsuab photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. Tuber ntsuab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm noob caj noob ces, kab lis kev cai, physiological thiab ib puag ncig, nrog rau kev cog qhov tob, lub hnub nyoog ntawm tubers, kub, atmospheric oxygen theem thiab teeb pom kev zoo. Lub ntsiab yam tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau theem ntawm ntsuab thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm glycoalkaloids yog qhov siv thiab spectral muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub teeb, kub, noob caj noob ces yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam.
Lub synthesis ntawm chlorophyll thiab HCA nyob rau hauv tuber tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm pom lub teeb wavelengths ntawm 400 mus rau 700 nm (Fig. 2). Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, chlorophyll synthesis qhia qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 475 thiab 675 nm (xiav thiab liab cheeb tsam, feem), thaum lub siab tshaj plaws synthesis ntawm α-solanine thiab α-chaconine tshwm sim ntawm 430 nm thiab 650 nm. Chlorophyll synthesis tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 525-575 nm, thaum HCA accumulates tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 510-560 nm (ntsuab cheeb tsam). Cov kev sib txawv no lees paub qhov kev xav ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev rau biosynthesis ntawm chlorophyll thiab HCA. Cov chlorophyll concentration hauv cov qos yaj ywm tubers raug lub teeb xiav (0,10 W / m2) yog peb zaug siab dua tom qab 16 hnub ntawm kev khaws cia piv rau cov qos yaj ywm raug teeb xiav.
raug teeb liab (0,38 W / m2). Lub teeb fluorescent (7,5 W / m2) emit 1,9 npaug ntau dua lub teeb xiav (400-500 nm) dua li cov teeb ci LED (7,7 W / m2), thaum lub teeb LED tawm 2,5 npaug ntau dua lub teeb liab (620-680 nm) dua li cov raj fluorescent. Yog li ntawd, hloov lub teeb fluorescent nrog LED teeb nyob rau hauv cov khw muag khoom noj yuav txo tau qhov kev siv ntawm cov teeb meem xiav wavelengths.
Qos yaj ywm tubers khaws cia hauv qhov tsaus ntuj tsis muaj chlorophyll. Tom qab nkag mus rau lub teeb, lus nyob rau hauv ob peb teev, cov noob tshwj xeeb tau qhib kom tsim tau cov saw hlau ntawm chlorophyll thiab HCA synthesis cov khoom. Molecular tsom technologies ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas cov qauv ntawm cov noob, thiab nws tau muab tawm tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj caj ces ntawm cov txheej txheem no muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm monochromatic LED teeb nrog sib txawv thiab nqaim spectral muaj pes tsawg leeg tau kawm. Kev tswj lub teeb ntawm qos tubers landscaping tau ua nyob rau hauv tas li illumination muab los ntawm lub teeb emitting diodes (LEDs). Lub teeb wavelengths B (xiav, 470 nm), R (liab, 660 nm) thiab FR (dav liab, 730 nm) thiab WL (dawb, 400-680 nm) tau siv rau 10 hnub. Blue thiab liab wavelengths tau zoo inducing thiab accumulating chlorophyll, carotenoids, thiab ob lub ntsiab qos yaj ywm glycoalkaloids, α-solanine thiab α-chaconine, thaum tsis muaj leej twg nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj los yog nyob rau hauv lub teeb liab. Cov noob tseem ceeb rau chlorophyll biosynthesis (HEMA1, uas encodes tus nqi txwv enzyme rau glutamyl-tRNA reductase, GSA, CHLH, thiab GUN4) thiab rau cov noob (HMG1, SQS, CAS1, SSR2, SGT1, thiab SGT2) xav tau rau kev sib txuas ntawm glycoalkaloids kuj tau ua rau lub teeb dawb, xiav thiab liab, tab sis tsis nyob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj lossis nrog lub teeb liab (Fig.3,4,5). Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm ob qho tib si cryptochromic thiab phytochromic photoreceptors nyob rau hauv tsub zuj zuj ntawm chlorophyll thiab glycoalkaloids. Qhov kev txhawb nqa ntawm phytochrome tau txhawb ntxiv los ntawm kev soj ntsuam tias lub teeb liab nyob deb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub teeb dawb-induced tsub zuj zuj ntawm chlorophyll thiab glycoalkaloids thiab cuam tshuam cov noob qhia.
Ntau hom qos yaj ywm tsim chlorophyll thiab xim ntsuab ntawm tus nqi sib txawv, uas tau lees paub los ntawm ntau cov kev tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, Norway tau txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov xim hloov ntawm cov cultivars thiab tsim cais cov ntsiab lus ntsuas ntsuas rau cov cultivars sib txawv raws li qhov tseeb ntsuas ntawm chlorophyll thiab xim. Pom cov xim hloov ntawm plaub ntau yam ntawm qos yaj ywm khaws cia rau 84 teev nyob rau hauv LED teeb pom kev zoo yog qhia hauv daim duab. 6.
Cov tawv nqaij liab-dawb cultivar Asterix (Fig. 6a) pom ib qho tseem ceeb nce nyob rau hauv lub kaum sab xis, mus los ntawm liab mus rau brownish, thaum lub daj cultivar Folva (Fig. 6b) hloov los ntawm daj-ntsuab mus rau ntsuab-daj. Cov xim daj Celandie (Fig. 6c) pom qhov hloov pauv tsawg kawg ntawm tag nrho cov xim tsis raws li qhov pom ntawm lub teeb, thaum cov xim daj ntau yam Mandel (Fig. 6d) hloov xim heev, los ntawm daj mus rau greyish. Hauv daim ntawv digital, daim duab ntawm cov xim hloov ntawm ntau hom qos yaj ywm hauv lub teeb zoo li no (Fig. 7).
Hauv qhov kev sim no, txhua yam tshwj tsis yog Mandel pom qhov nce ntxiv ntawm tag nrho glycoalkaloids tom qab ntau tshaj 36 teev ntawm lub teeb raug. Tab sis qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kev hloov pauv thiab qib ntawm HCA cov ntsiab lus sib txawv hauv ntau hom: Asterix - los ntawm 179 txog 223 mg / kg, Nansen - los ntawm 93 txog 160 mg / kg, Rutt - los ntawm 136 txog 180 mg / kg, Celandin - los ntawm 149 mus rau 182 mg / kg, Folva - los ntawm 199 mus rau 290 mg / kg, Hassel - los ntawm 137 mus rau 225 mg / kg, Mandel - tsis hloov (192-193) mg / kg.
Hauv New Zealand, tag nrho lub teb chaws ntau yam ntawm qos yaj ywm raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev siv ntsuab ntsuab. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias tus nqi ntawm chlorophyll hauv tubers tom qab 120 teev ntawm illumination nyob rau hauv ntau yam txawv los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj - los ntawm 0,5 mus rau 5,0 mg (Fig. 8).
Cov lus xaus tseem ceeb ua raws los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij cov ntaub ntawv no. Nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm lub teeb, chlorophyll yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub qos yaj ywm, uas muab lub cev nqaij daim tawv xim ntsuab, thiab daim tawv nqaij ib tug ntsuab los yog brownish tint. Ntau yam ntawm qos yaj ywm tsim ntau hom kev sib txawv ntawm cov xim thiab ntawm cov nqi sib txawv. Cov spectral muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub teeb me ntsis hloov cov dynamic chlorophyll tsub zuj zuj, tab sis qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev siv lub deb liab spectrum, raws li zoo raws li tsaus ntuj nti (uas tsis ua rau chlorophyll tsub kom), tsis muaj feem xyuam rau cov khw muag qos yaj ywm. Muaj ntau yam uas sib sau 10 npaug tsawg dua chlorophyll nyob rau hauv tib lub teeb pom kev zoo. Cov dynamics ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm glycoalkaloids txawv ntawm cov dynamics ntawm ntsuab. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog qhov pib ntawm HCA hauv tubers ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam thiab qhov pib ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo tsis sib npaug rau xoom, tsis zoo li chlorophyll, thiab tuaj yeem ua tau zoo heev. Qhov qis siv ntawm ntsuab ntawm ntau ntau yam predetermines ib tug ntev ntawm cov qos yaj ywm nyob rau hauv lub khw rhawv, uas ua rau ib tug ntau dua tsub zuj zuj ntawm HCA.
Txij li cov kev tsis txaus siab txog iab saj tsis tshwm sim txhua xyoo, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub txog lwm yam laj thawj rau kev nce qib ntawm glycoalkaloids hauv tubers uas tsis yog vim teeb pom kev zoo lossis varietal yam ntxwv ntawm qhov kev siv theem. Hauv kev xyaum, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev cog qoob loo thiab kev sib sau ntawm glycoalkaloids txhais tau tias yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas qhov ua rau ntsuab. Cov khoom tsim tawm cuam tshuam rau kev cog qoob loo thiab HCA tsub zuj zuj:
- Raws li cov hauv av stems, tubers tuaj yeem hloov ntsuab hauv thaj teb nrog cov av tsis txaus, los ntawm cov kab nrib pleb hauv av, los yog los ntawm cua thiab / lossis cov av yaig. Nrog rau qhov no hauv siab, qos yaj ywm yuav tsum tau cog kom tob txaus thaum tswj cov av noo txaus kom ntseeg tau sai thiab zoo ib yam. Ib qho kev nce hauv kev siv ntawm tuber ntsuab tshwm sim nrog kev nce hauv cov cai nitrogen hauv cov av los ntawm 0 txog 300 kg / ha. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias ob txoj cai ntawm nitrogen thaum cog qoob loo nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm glycoalkaloids los ntawm 10% hauv qee hom. glycoalkaloids. Kev nyab xeeb, qhov siab, hom av, av noo, chiv muaj, huab cua paug, lub sij hawm sau qoob, tshuaj tua kab thiab raug tshav ntuj txhua yam teeb meem.
- Tuber maturity ntawm sau, cov nyhuv ntawm maturity ntawm sau nyob rau greening zaus yog controversial. Cov qos yaj ywm hluas nrog cov tawv nqaij du thiab nyias tuaj yeem tig ntsuab sai dua li cov tubers paub tab. Thaum ntxov maturing ntau yam yuav qhia tau ntau dua tsub zuj zuj ntawm glycoalkaloids tshaj lig maturing tubers, tab sis muaj pov thawj rau qhov tsis sib xws nyob rau hauv tej kev tshawb fawb.
- Kev raug mob rau tubers tsis cuam tshuam rau kev sib sau ntawm chlorophyll nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev, tab sis provokes lub tsub zuj zuj ntawm HCA (theem ntawm HCA nce ntau npaum li nws ua raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm raug lub teeb (Fig. 9).
- Cia tej yam kev mob. Tubers khaws cia ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev cog qoob loo thiab HCA ntau ntxiv. Qos yaj ywm ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm 1 thiab 5 ° C nyob rau hauv lub teeb fluorescent pom tsis muaj xim hloov tom qab 10 hnub ntawm kev khaws cia, thaum cov ntaub so ntswg khaws cia ntawm 10 thiab 15 ° C hloov ntsuab los ntawm plaub thiab thib ob hnub, raws li. Qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 20 ° C hauv qab teeb pom kev zoo tau ua pov thawj tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv chlorophyll, piv rau cov khw muag khoom feem ntau. Glycoalkaloids sib sau ua ob zaug ceev ntawm 24 ° C dua li ntawm 7 ° C hauv chav tsaus, thiab lub teeb ua kom cov txheej txheem no ntau dua.
- Cov ntaub ntawv ntim khoom. Kev xaiv ntawm ntim rau cov khw muag khoom yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj kev cog qoob loo thiab khaws HCA. Cov khoom ntim pob tshab los yog cov pob tshab zoo txhawb kev cog qoob loo thiab HCA synthesis, thaum lub ntim ntim tsaus nti (lossis ntsuab) ua rau qeeb degradation.
Raws li kev sim ua pov thawj tsis tu ncua, peb tuaj yeem ntseeg siab tias qib siab dua ntawm glycoalkaloids hauv cov qos yaj ywm tubers ntawm lub caij tam sim no piv rau qib ib txwm yog vim qhov tsis zoo rau kev tsim qoob loo. Ib lub sij hawm ntev ntawm tshav kub thiab drought nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj - thaum ntxov Cuaj hlis ncua lub maturation ntawm tubers thiab nqus nitrogen, cov av nyob rau hauv lub ridges nyob rau hauv lub teb yam tsis muaj irrigation tawg. Thaum pib ntawm kev sau qoob loo tau tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov av qhuav heev thiab ntau cov pob tawv tawv, uas ua rau muaj kev raug mob ntau ntxiv rau tubers. Tom qab ntawd, qhov nrawm ntawm kev sau qoob loo qeeb vim los nag ntau dhau. Teb tom qab desiccation, i.e. tsis shading saum npoo ntawm cov av, lawv tos ntev heev rau kev sau qoob loo. Cov xwm txheej tsis zoo no tau ua rau ob qho tib si rau kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov tubers thiab tsim ntau tshaj li ib txwm muaj HCA hauv lawv.
Txoj kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv kev tsis txaus siab ntawm glycoalkaloids tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev txwv loj ntawm kev raug cov tubers rau lub teeb thaum cog, khaws cia thiab muag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv thaiv cov keeb kwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Kev ua liaj ua teb xws li kev cog qoob loo kom raug, tsim cov voluminous ridges, kev pom cov chiv tau siv tsis tu ncua hauv cov qos yaj ywm niaj hnub siv thev naus laus zis. Cov tubers tsis paub qab hau muaj cov qib siab ntawm solanine ntau dua li cov tubers paub tab. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev tsis txhob sau thaum ntxov, kom qhuav cov stems cia siab rau, thiab tso cai rau lub sij hawm txaus (ob mus rau peb lub lis piam) rau tubers kom paub tab. Guaranteed los tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm ridges yog ua tau tsuas yog nrog kev pab los ntawm lub sij hawm thiab txaus irrigation. Nws muaj peev xwm txo tau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawg nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ua ntej sau qoob, tom qab kev taw qhia ntawm desiccants, los ntawm dov lub ridges. Ua li no, tshwj xeeb cov cav tov rau dov ridges yog loj-tsim, piv txwv li, GRIMME RR 600, muaj kev xaiv rau combining nrog defoliators (Daim duab 10). Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv Russia lawv tseem siv tsis tshua muaj neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj kev ua liaj ua teb no yooj yim, pheej yig, tsim tau thiab siv tau zoo. Qib ntawm HCA muaj zog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub teeb zoo, lub sijhawm ntev thiab kev siv zog. Chlorophyll yog ntsuab vim nws pom lub teeb ntsuab thaum nqus liab-daj thiab xiav. Qhov tsim ntawm chlorophyll yog khaus heev nyob rau hauv xiav thiab txiv kab ntxwv-liab illumination (Fig. 11). Nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntsuab, qos yaj ywm ntsuab xyaum tsis tshwm sim, thiab nyob rau hauv xiav los yog ultraviolet lub teeb, nws tshwm sim rau ib tug tsis muaj zog degree. Lub teeb fluorescent ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb ntau dua li cov teeb ci incandescent. Cov seem, cov thawv ntim rau cov qos yaj ywm yuav tsum tsis muaj teeb ci thiab txias. Kev nthuav tawm ntawm tubers nyob rau hauv cia rau hnub ci yuav tsum zam. Siv cov roj teeb uas tsis muaj hluav taws xob tsawg thiab tsis txhob cia lawv ntev dua li qhov tsim nyog. Cov av nyob rau saum npoo ntawm tubers muab ib co kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lub teeb raug thiab landscaping. Ntxuav qos yaj ywm tig ntsuab sai dua. Thaum lub qos yaj ywm tig ntsuab, nws yog irreversible thiab yuav tsum tau muab cais ua ntej muag.
Niaj hnub nimno Lub Teeb Emitting Diode (LED) thev naus laus zis qhib qhov muaj peev xwm tshiab los tiv thaiv kev tsim ntawm solanine hauv txhua theem tom qab sau qoob loo ntawm qos yaj ywm. Serially tsim teeb tshwj xeeb rau cov qos yaj ywm kev lag luam, kev khiav hauj lwm hauv spectrum ntawm 520-540 nm (Fig. 12). Lub teeb, pom tau tias ntsuab los ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag, zoo tiv thaiv kev tsim ntawm chlorophyll thiab solanine thiab yog li qhov kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb hauv kev khaws cia tus nqi ntawm cov qos yaj ywm thaum khaws thiab ua ntxiv. Cov teeb zoo li no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm kev npaj ua ntej muag thiab ua ntej muag ntawm cov qos yaj ywm ntim khoom. Thiab ib txoj cai dav dav ntxiv: khaws cia qhov kub thiab txias kom qis thiab ua rau cov qos yaj ywm qhuav, vim tias noo noo ua rau muaj kev siv lub teeb ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Hom thiab xim ntawm cov khoom ntim cuam tshuam rau kev siv ntawm HCA tsub zuj zuj. Kev lag luam thiab kev tshaj tawm ib sab, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau ntim koj cov qos yaj ywm rau hauv daim ntawv tsaus nti lossis cov hnab yas tsaus kom tsis txhob raug lub teeb. Muaj txawm tias muaj kev pom zoo tias cov khoom ntim rau cov qos yaj ywm rhiab yuav tsum muaj tag nrho lub teeb kis tsawg dua 0,02 W / m2. Xws li qib qis ntawm lub teeb nkag mus tsuas yog ua tau thaum ntim rau hauv ob-txheej dub yas nrog aluminium. Ntsuab cellophane saib hnab inhibit ntsuab thiab tsis txhawb kev tsim solanine. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov lus pom zoo no poob rau hauv qeb ntawm kev xav zoo thaum nws los txog rau kev muag khoom ntawm cov qos yaj ywm. Ntim xim hauv kev lag luam raug xaiv tsuas yog hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev muag khoom.
Cov teeb pom kev zoo hauv cov khw muag khoom kuj tseem nyuaj rau tus qauv. Muaj tsis tshua muaj cov tuam txhab lag luam uas tsim teeb pom kev zoo raws li qhov tseeb tias qhov tsawg kawg HCA tsub zuj zuj thiab ntsuab ntsuab yog pom nyob rau hauv 525-575 nm spectrum. Txawm tias txoj kev tiv thaiv tsim nyog thiab yooj yim xws li npog cov qos yaj ywm nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thaum lub sijhawm tawm yog tsis tshua muaj kev xyaum los ntawm cov khw.
Cov ntsiab lus saum toj no teev tag nrho cov kev tiv thaiv zoo los tswj kev sib sau ntawm glycoalkaloids hauv cov qos yaj ywm tubers. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los nrhiav cov ntsiab lus radical ntau ntawm neutralization: kev kho nrog roj, waxes, surfactants, tshuaj, kev loj hlob regulators thiab txawm ionizing hluav taws xob, uas nyob rau hauv ntau rooj plaub tau qhia high efficiency. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no tsis siv rau hauv kev xyaum vim qhov nyuaj, tus nqi siab thiab teeb meem ib puag ncig.
Lub zeem muag ci ntsa iab tau tshaj tawm los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau kev kho cov genome thiab "tua" cov noob rau kev sib txuas ntawm chlorophyll thiab HCA. Cov haujlwm no tau ua haujlwm zoo thiab ua tiav hauv ntau lub teb chaws, qhov no thev naus laus zis tsis raug cais raws li GMO ntau yam (nws tau muab cais tawm hauv Lavxias Federation), muaj ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm txog cov ncauj lus no, tab sis tam sim no tsis tas yuav tham. hais txog kev ua tau zoo. Raws li nrog ntau txoj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv yav dhau los, qhov pib euphoria los ntawm qhov ua tau ntawm kev kho cov genome yog maj mam hloov los ntawm kev paub txog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic. Nws txaus los saib daim duab qhia txog cov txheej txheem uas twb muaj lawm hais txog kev sib txuas ntawm GCA thiab cov noob qos yaj ywm koom nrog cov txheej txheem no (Daim duab 13). Txawm hais tias pom meej meej ntawm daim duab no, cov pab pawg ntawm cov neeg tshawb fawb zoo siab uas tau coj cov teeb meem no tseem tsis tau ua tiav hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau cov noob thiab cov khoom tsim los ntawm lawv. Blocking zoo nkaus li meej meej, ib cov noob ua tsis tau tsuas yog mus rau qhov kev xav tau hloov pauv hauv cov qib glycoalkaloids tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv biochemical, uas tsis tau teeb tsa txoj haujlwm kho.
Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tsis tau tos rau yav tom ntej kev vam meej hauv kev kho genome, tag nrho cov qos yaj ywm ua lag luam tam sim no tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj qis, muaj kev nyab xeeb kiag li cov ntsiab lus ntawm glycoalkaloids, vim qhov txo qis hauv qhov ntsuas no nyob rau ntau xyoo lawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev yug me nyuam. Raws li rau ntau yam nrog tus nqi qeeb ntawm kev sib sau ntawm chlorophyll thiab ntsuab ntawm tev, qhov no tsis yog qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis yog vim li cas tsis kam lees lawv. Tab sis thaum muag qos yaj ywm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm cov koom haum ua lag luam tias ntau yam muaj qhov tshwj xeeb txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntev heev ntawm tubers rau lub teeb thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom rau qhov tsis xav txog qhov iab saj thaum tsis muaj kev pom tseeb ntsuab.