Raws li koj paub, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis muaj caij nyoog yooj yim, tab sis txhua xyoo coj nws cov teeb meem thiab teeb meem. Cov neeg cog qos yaj ywm Lavxias yuav nco qab li cas thaum xaus ntawm 2020?
Raws li cov ntawv xov xwm, rhizoctoniasis tau los ua ntej ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm txhua tus kab mob "qos" xyoo no. Txawm hais tias qhov teeb meem tsis cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov cheeb tsam Lavxias.
Txog kev kis tus kab mob hauv cov lej
Raws li Lavxias teb sab Agricultural Center ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, feem ntau, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation nyob rau hauv 2020, qhov tshwm sim ntawm rhizoctoniasis tseem nyob rau theem ntawm 2019 thiab feem ntau nruab nrab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob tau pom. Cia peb nco ntsoov tias thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2019, tus kab mob no tau kuaj pom ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 23,30 txhiab hectares. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm ntawm 2020, kev puas tsuaj rau cov qos yaj ywm cog tau sau tseg ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 21,47 txhiab hectares.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov hnyav ntawm qhov xwm txheej tau sau tseg hauv ntau thaj tsam.
Yog li, hauv Central Federal District hauv 2020, kev kis tus kab mob tau sau tseg ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 5,59 txhiab hectares (hauv 2019 - 4,90 txhiab hectares). Thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw kho mob tiv thaiv rhizoctonia yog 1,50 txhiab hectares (hauv 2019 - 0,03 txhiab hectares). Hauv Northwestern Federal District, kev sib kis ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov qos yaj ywm cog tau kuaj pom ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 7,56 txhiab hectares (2019 txhiab hectares hauv 5,01). Thaj chaw kho tus kab mob yog 1,79 txhiab hectares (hauv 2019 - 1,30 txhiab hectares). Hauv cheeb tsam Volga Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws, thaj tsam cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov qos yaj ywm cog yog 3,19 txhiab hectares (hauv 2019 - 2,64 txhiab hectares). Kev kho tus kab mob tsis tau ua tiav (hauv 2019 - 1,4 txhiab hectares).
Tab sis kuj tseem muaj thaj chaw uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm rhizoctoniasis txo qis.
Piv txwv li, nyob rau yav qab teb Federal District, tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cog tau sau rau ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 0,31 txhiab hectares (hauv 2019 - 1,20 txhiab hectares). Thaj chaw kho mob tiv thaiv kab mob yog 0,01 txhiab hectares (hauv 2019 - 1,08 txhiab hectares). Hauv North Caucasus Federal District, tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov qos yaj ywm cog (2019 txhiab hectares hauv 0,30). Tsis muaj kev kho mob tawm tsam tus kab mob.
Hauv nroog Ural Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws, tus kab mob tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv cov qos yaj ywm cog ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 2,10 txhiab hectares (hauv 2019 - 3,69 txhiab hectares). Thaj chaw kho mob tiv thaiv kab mob yog 2,36 txhiab hectares (hauv 2019 - 1,63 txhiab hectares). Hauv Siberian Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Cheeb Tsam, kev sib kis ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov qos yaj ywm cog tau pom ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 2,21 txhiab hectares (hauv 2019 - 4,16 txhiab hectares). Kev kho mob tiv thaiv tus kab mob tsis tau ua tiav hauv 2019 thiab 2020. Nyob rau hauv Far East Federal District, qos yaj ywm cog cuam tshuam los ntawm rhizoctonia tau kuaj pom ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 0,50 txhiab hectares (hauv 2019 - 1,40 txhiab hectares). Kev kho mob tiv thaiv kab mob tsis tau ua tiav (hauv 2019 - 0,06 txhiab hectares).
Cov kws tshwj xeeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab Agricultural Center ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation qhia txog qhov txo qis hauv thaj chaw cuam tshuam los ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cog nyob rau yav qab teb, North Caucasus, Ural, Siberian thiab Far Eastern tsoom fwv cov cheeb tsam nrog cov huab cua puag thaum lub caij cog qoob loo. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, kev vam meej ntawm ntau lub teb chaws hauv kev tawm tsam tus kab mob yog piav qhia los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm kev kho cov teb nrog cov khoom tiv thaiv cog.
Qhov nce hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm rhizoctonia ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cog hauv Central, Northwestern thiab Volga Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Cheeb Tsam yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov av noo, nrog rau kev txo qis ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev kho mob hauv xyoo dhau los.
Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias tus kab mob siab tshaj plaws (ntau tshaj 100) nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 2020 tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv Perm Territory (hauv 2019 - 29,28). Qhov nce ntawm tus kab mob no kuj tau sau tseg hauv Republic of Karelia - 1,58 (hauv 2019 - tsis pom), Vologda - 6,30 (hauv 2019 - 4,90), Kaluga - 0,24 (hauv 2019 - tsis tshwm sim), Kostroma cheeb tsam - 1,58 (hauv 2019 - 1,29), Tver cheeb tsam - 0,04 (hauv 2019 - tsis tshwm sim), thaj av Yaroslavl - 0,03 (hauv 2019 - tsis tshwm sim), Komi koom pheej - 0,84 (hauv 2019 - tsis ntsib), Mari El koom pheej - 0,11 (hauv 2019 - tsis ntsib), Sverdlovsk - 0,78 (hauv 2019 - 0,69) thiab Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam - 0,81 (hauv 2019 - 0,36).
Qhov nce sai tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab mob cuam tshuam los ntawm rhizoctonia tau pom thaum Lub Xya Hli thiab Lub Yim Hli. Kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm huab cua kub thiab nag hnyav ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob.
Cov kws kho mob xav ua tsaug rau kev pabcuam xovxwm ntawm Lavxias Agricultural Center rau cov khoom siv.
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Los ntawm scientific point of view
Maria Kuznetsova, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Qos Qos thiab Zaub Zaub, VNIIF, Tus Neeg Sib Tw ntawm Biological Sciences
Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm All-Lavxias Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Phytopathology (VNIIF), qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tshwm sim ntawm rhizoctoniosis xyoo no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Vladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Novgorod, Leningrad, Kostroma, Moscow, Smolensk, Pskov thiab ntau tus. lwm thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws.
Ua rau tus kab mob
Ib qho laj thawj rau kev loj hlob ntawm rhizoctonia nyob rau lub caij tam sim no yog huab cua zoo rau cov kab mob Rhizoctonia solani. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob thiab thib peb xyoo caum ntawm lub Tsib Hlis, huab cua kub yog qis dua qhov nruab nrab mus sij hawm ntev kub. Cov cua txias tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov qoob loo cog qoob loo: qos yaj ywm nroj tsuag thaum lub sij hawm no qeeb qeeb hauv kev loj hlob, piv rau qhov nruab nrab, los ntawm 1-2 lub lis piam, thiab tsis muaj zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, pib txij li peb kaum hnub ntawm lub Tsib Hlis, nrog rau lub Rau Hli thiab Lub Xya Hli ntawm lub xyoo no, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov nag lossis daus poob hauv cheeb tsam (tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm qhov ntsuas nruab nrab ntev). Tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tau pab txhawb rau kev loj hlob sai thiab tom qab ntawm rhizoctoniosis.
Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, qhov teeb meem ntawm rhizoctoniasis yog txuam tsis tau tsuas yog nrog huab cua tej yam kev mob, tab sis kuj nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm sib npaug zos vim li cas tseem ceeb. Ntawm lawv: tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv noob; kev ua txhaum ntawm cov hnub kawg ntawm kev cog qoob loo (peb tab tom tham txog cov xwm txheej thaum cov qos yaj ywm cog pib cog cov noob uas tsis yog-vernalized tubers hauv cov av txias), tsis ua raws li kev cog qoob loo, ncua kev sau qoob loo, thiab lwm yam.
Ua qauv sab nraud
Nws paub tias cov fungus Rhizoctonia solani muaj peev xwm kis tau cov qos yaj ywm ntawm txhua theem ntawm ontogenesis los ntawm germination mus rau sau. Tus kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pob khaus dub, reticulated necrosis thiab tob pom ntawm tubers, rotting ntawm sprouts, tuag ntawm stolons thiab keeb kwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm cov tsos mob muaj qhuav rot ntawm lub hauv av ib feem ntawm qia - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov xim av ulcers ("rotten ntoo") los yog greyish-dawb "xav" txheej ("dawb ceg").
Cov fungus ua rau lub ntsiab kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob seedlings. Nyob rau hauv huab cua ntub thiab txias, nrog av kub tsawg dua 8° C, nyob rau hauv cog tubers, sclerotia (qhov dormant theem ntawm cov fungus) sprout nrog mycelium, uas nkag mus rau lub sprouts thiab ua rau tsim ntawm tsaus nti depressed me ntsis rau lawv. Mob sprouts tej zaum yuav tuag ua ntej lawv mus txog saum npoo. Nyob rau hauv huab cua sov, seedlings tuaj yeem loj hlob mus rau hauv cov nroj tsuag nrog cov kab mob girdling nyob rau sab qis ntawm qia thiab nplooj nplooj curled raws cov leeg.
Qhov yuav tshwm sim
Qos yaj ywm rhizoctonia ua rau ob qho tib si kom muaj nuj nqis tawm los thiab txo qis hauv kev lag luam ntawm tubers. Qos yield indicators yog poob vim poob ntawm seedlings, kev puas tsuaj rau stems, stolons thiab keeb kwm, uas nyob rau hauv lem muaj feem xyuam rau qhov loj, kom muaj nuj nqis thiab marketability ntawm tubers.
Hauv tebchaws Russia, cov qoob loo ncaj qha los ntawm rhizoctonia tuaj yeem ncav cuag 25%, thiab txo qis hauv kev lag luam ntawm tubers mus txog 30%.
Kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj kev ntsuas
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv tus kab mob kom zoo, nws yuav tsum siv ntau yam kev ntsuas:
- Siv kev noj qab haus huv, zoo dua cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj cog rau cog.
- Kev qhia ua ntej ntawm cov qos yaj ywm thaum ntxov thiab nruab nrab thaum ntxov nrog lub caij loj hlob ntawm 60-80 hnub, nrog rau ntau yam uas tiv taus thiab tsis muaj zog cuam tshuam los ntawm tus kab mob no.
- Ua raws li kev cog qoob loo.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov fungus Rhizoctonia solani tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob ntev hauv cov av (3-4 xyoos), ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tubers, carrion, thiab cov khib nyiab cog. Cov fungus ntse ciaj sia lub caij ntuj no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm sclerotia ntawm tubers thiab hauv av, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mycelium.
Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account tias ntxiv rau cov qos yaj ywm, R. solani muaj peev xwm kis tau ntau yam zaub qoob loo (xws li txiv lws suav, beets thiab taub dag), nrog rau cov nroj tsuag qus (piv txwv li, quinoa, sow thistle. thiab horsetail).
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws precursors uas txo cov kab mob ntawm rhizoctonia yog suav tias yog cov qoob loo (oats, lub caij ntuj no hom qoob mog thiab rye, barley, pob kws), lupine, alfalfa thiab perennial cereal grasses.
- Cog tubers nyob rau hauv rhuab av raws li qhov yuav tsum tau rau qhov tob thiab ceev.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws cog qhov tob yog txiav txim siab coj mus rau hauv tus account cov neeg kho tshuab muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab noo noo ntawm cov av (nyob rau hauv hnyav av - ntiav ntiav, nyob rau hauv xuab zeb loam - tob). Thaum cov crust tsim nyob rau hauv hnyav ntab av, ib theem tsim nyog ntawm kev ua hauj lwm yog harrowing lub teb plaub mus rau tsib hnub tom qab cog thiab tom qab yub, vim hais tias txwv tsis pub cov nroj tsuag yuav kis kab mob.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws cog ntom ntawm phytosanitary taw tes ntawm view yog 50 txhiab tubers ib hectare. Kev nce mus rau 60-80 txhiab tau txhim kho txoj kev loj hlob ntawm rhizoctonia ntawm tag nrho cov nroj tsuag hauv nruab nrog cev.
- Ntxiv cov tshuaj ntxiv ntawm cov organic chiv rau hauv av thiab siv cov chiv ntsuab.
Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau R. solani los sib tw nrog cov kab mob hauv av, yog li daim ntawv thov ntawm cov organic chiv tuaj yeem txo cov kab mob hauv av.
Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ntsuab manure kuj nyuaj rau overestimate. Hauv ntau lub teb, cov nroj tsuag los ntawm tsev neeg cruciferous - Brassica juncea (Sarepta mustard), Raphanus sativus (hom radish), Sinapis alba (dawb mustard), Eruca sativus - yog siv los ua biofumigants tawm tsam ntau cov kab mob fungal nyob hauv av (Rhizoctonia) solani, Colletotrichum coccodes, Helminthosporium solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea) thiab qos yaj ywm cyst nematodes. Thaum lub sij hawm flowering (thaum ntau tshaj 50% ntawm tag nrho cov paj), cov nroj tsuag yog mowed, crushed thiab plowed. Nyob rau hauv cov av, cov nroj tsuag theem nrab metabolites (glucosinolates) yog tawg mus rau hauv volatile tebchaw (xws li, isothiocyanates), uas muaj ib tug fumigating nyhuv ntawm pathogens thiab nematodes.
- Kev tu kom raws sijhawm thiab ua haujlwm zoo.
Kev sau qoob loo yuav tsum tsis txhob ncua sijhawm tom qab txiav cov nplooj rau ntau tshaj ob lub lis piam; Nws yog qhov tsis tsim nyog los tawm me me thiab puas tubers rau ntawm thaj teb).
- Siv fungicides los kho cov noob tubers lossis siv lawv thaum cog qos yaj ywm.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag thaum lub sijhawm no yog txhawm rau txo qhov phom sij ntawm rhizoctonia thiab lwm yam kab mob hauv av.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev sim ua ntawm VNIIF ntawm kev kis kab mob keeb kwm yav dhau los nrog Rhizoctonia solani paub meej tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov tshuaj raws li azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, penflufen, fluxapyroxad thiab lwm yam khoom xyaw hauv kev tiv thaiv rhizoctoniasis.
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