Cov xwm txheej uas ua kom cov tubers zoo khaws cia.Qos yaj ywm ntau lawm tshuab tuaj yeem sawv cev rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob lub blocks: ib qho chaw ua haujlwm thaiv thiab thaiv thaiv. Hauv qhov no, tau txais cov txiaj ntsig siab tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua; nws tseem ceeb heev kom muaj peev xwm khaws tau nws. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov noob qos yaj ywm, uas tau khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev dua piv rau cov qos yaj ywm zaub mov. Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab lub luag haujlwm yog khaws cia nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, vim tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tswj kev cog qoob loo zoo ntawm tubers, tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntxov ntxov.
Losses thaum lub sij hawm cia muaj xws li ntuj poob, kev pov tseg (tubers ib feem cuam tshuam los ntawm rot, feem ntau qhuav), kiag li rot (tubers kiag li rotten - ntub rot) thiab sprouts. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, cov ntsuas no nyob ntawm seb qhov pib zoo ntawm tubers, uas kuj txiav txim siab cog zoo ntawm qos yaj ywm. Cov noob qos yaj ywm yuav tsum ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm GOST 33996-2016, raws li cov khoom siv hauv cov noob:
- Lub xub ntiag ntawm tubers nrog cov tsos mob ntawm suffocation, khov, nrog kub hnyiab, dab tuag, nrog kev loj hlob thiab yooj yim tawg tawm kev loj hlob, txiav, crushed, nrog tev ntawm daim tawv nqaij (ntau tshaj 1/4 ntawm lub saum npoo ntawm tuber) yog tsis tso cai;
- Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab txawv teb chaws impurities raug tso cai, tsis pub ntau tshaj 2% los ntawm qhov hnyav hauv pawg OS, ES, RS1-2;
- muaj tubers tso cai, nyob rau hauv feem pua:
- tsis tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj - tsis pub ntau tshaj 3%;
- lwm yam botanical ntau yam - tsis ntau tshaj 0,5% (tsuas yog rau pawg PC);
- cuam tshuam los ntawm lub nplhaib rot - tsis ntau tshaj 0,5% (tsuas yog rau qeb PC);
- cuam tshuam los ntawm qia nematode - tsis ntau tshaj 0,5% (tsuas yog rau qeb PC);
- nrog glandular spotting thiab darkening ntawm lub pulp (yog hais tias ntau tshaj 1/4 ntawm lub longitudinal seem ntawm tuber raug cuam tshuam) - tsis ntau tshaj 5% (nyob rau hauv tag nrho);
- nrog kev puas tsuaj ntau tshaj 5 hli tob thiab ntau dua 10 hli ntev (txiav, kua muag, tawg, dents hauv tuber ntaub so ntswg) - tsis pub ntau tshaj 5% (hauv tag nrho);
- nrog kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb kab tsuag yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub qhov muag (wireworms - ntau tshaj peb qhov kev txav, nas, kab thiab cutworms) - tsis pub ntau tshaj 2% ntawm tag nrho.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv noob feem ntau yog nyob ntawm kev cog qoob loo, kev ua tiav tom qab sau qoob thiab khaws cia tubers. Ua ntej, thaum lub caij loj hlob (raws li cov huab cua puag ncig, raws sijhawm thiab nyob rau hauv qhov xav tau kom muaj nuj nqis), cov nroj tsuag yuav tsum tau kho nrog kev sib cuag, cov txheej txheem thiab translaminar npaj tawm tsam lig blight, alternaria, anthracnose thiab lwm yam kab mob fungal thiab kab mob. Txhawm rau txo kev ntxhov siab los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum suav nrog cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob regulators hauv kev tiv thaiv. Secondly, kom tsis txhob loj heev av suffocation ntawm tubers, lub system ntawm pre-cog av npaj thiab inter-kab tillage yuav tsum xyuas kom meej lub xoob mob ntawm cov av nyob rau hauv lub ridges thiab nruab nrab ntawm kab kom txog thaum sau. Hauv ntau thaj tsam, kev cog qoob loo nrog kab sib nrug ntawm 90 cm tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej zoo. Qhov thib peb, kev tshem tawm ua ntej sau qoob los ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau nqa tawm (Reglon Super 2,5 l / ha, Sukhovey 2,5 l / ha, Basta 2,0 l / h. ha), txhua yam los yog kev sib xyaw ua ke, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov saum, yam tsawg 10-12 hnub ua ntej khawb cov tubers. Thib plaub, kev tu yuav tsum tau nqa tawm ntawm huab cua kub tsawg kawg +10 0C, txwv tsis pub qhov feem pua ntawm tubers mechanically puas thiab cuam tshuam los ntawm Fusarium rot nce sharply.
Kev xaiv cov khoom siv tu. Tam sim no, qos yaj ywm raug sau los ntawm kev sib xyaw los yog diggers thiab khaws cov tubers los ntawm tes. Qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog txuam nrog cov nqi ua haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab xav tau ntau lub hnab lossis cov nets rau ntim cov qos yaj ywm. Txawm li cas los xij, piv rau kev siv cov sib xyaw ua ke, kev siv cov diggers muab qhov qis dua ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau tubers. Muab qhov kev siv zog ua haujlwm siab, kev sau qoob loo nrog tus digger yuav tsum tau siv feem ntau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim cov noob qoob loo (qhov no, qos yaj ywm tau loj hlob, raws li txoj cai, hauv thaj chaw me). Raws li kev zam, kev siv thev naus laus zis tau tso cai rau hauv cov xwm txheej huab cua, thaum sib xyaw cov qoob loo tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsis zoo vim cov av tsis zoo thiab huab cua tsis zoo.
Mowing lub sab saum toj nrog ib tug ua ke ib txhij nrog khawb li tubers (cov saum crusher yog ntsia nyob rau hauv lub txais ib feem ntawm cov combines) yog tsis tsim nyog rau feem ntau cov cheeb tsam ntawm Russia, txij li thaum lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev puas tsuaj yog poob: lub sij hawm ntawm ripening thiab hardening. ntawm tev yog cais; tsis muaj qhov txo qis ntawm qhov yuav tshwm sim thiab qib ntawm tuber kev puas tsuaj los ntawm lig blight. Kev siv txoj kev no tsuas yog ua tau thaum sau cov qos yaj ywm thaum ntxov uas tam sim ntawd muag.
Thaum muab piv rau tus kheej-propelled thiab trailed technical equipments (harvesters, diggers, loaders), nyiam rau loj-scale qos ntau lawm yuav tsum tau muab rau tus kheej-propelled units. Txawm hais tias lawv cov nqi siab dua, lawv feem ntau ua tau zoo dua ntawm cov ntsuas kev ua haujlwm thiab kev lag luam.
Cov cuab yeej siv rau kev khaws cov qos yaj ywm cia. Kev sau qoob loo yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev khaws cov qos yaj ywm rau kev khaws cia. Muaj peb txheej txheej txheej txheej - ntws, transshipment thiab ncaj-khiav, txhua tus txiav txim siab qhov sib thooj ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau tubers (Table 1).
Table 1. Mechanical puas rau tubers nyob ntawm cia technology, %
Hom kev puas tsuaj | Tshuab | ||
hauv kab | kev thauj mus los | ncaj qha ntws | |
Tshem tawm mus txog ½ ntawm tuber saum npoo | 16,5 | 6,9 | 5,5 |
Tshem tawm ntau tshaj ½ ntawm tuber nto | 22,6 | 5,7 | 4,6 |
Cracks, kua muag thiab txiav nyob rau hauv lub pulp ntawm tubers | 9,3 | 6,8 | 2,9 |
Darkening ntawm lub pulp nrog qhov loj thiab qhov tob ntawm ntau tshaj 5 mm los ntawm kev cuam tshuam | 18,0 | 11,9 | 7,2 |
TOTAL kev puas tsuaj | 66,4 | 31,3 | 20,2 |
Tag nrho poob rau 8 lub hlis ntawm kev cia, % | 32,2 | 18,7 | 8,3 |
Pov tseg los ntawm tuber tu,% | 26,0-28,0 | 20,0-22,0 | 13,0-15,0 |
Kwj - Qos yaj ywm sau los ntawm kev sib xyaw los yog digger raug xa mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb kom cais cov impurities thiab calibrate rau hauv feem, ua raws li kev cia. Piv nrog rau lwm yam thev naus laus zis, qhov no ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj tshaj plaws rau cov tubers. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg muag ntawm qos yaj ywm los yog thaum qos yaj ywm sau los ntawm ib tug ua ke los ntawm lub teb nrog ib tug admixture ntawm av ntau tshaj 25-30% thiab nrog cov nroj tsuag residues. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv cov cuab yeej no tso cai yog tias peb tab tom tham txog kev sau qoob loo tag nrho, nrog cov tawv nqaij muaj zog thiab tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kab mob.
Kev Hloov Pauv - Ua ntej khaws cia lossis cais ntawm ib qho chaw, cov tubers tau khaws cia rau hauv pawg ib ntus. Kev xaiv hauv kev pom zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej no yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj rau tubers los ntawm suffocation, lig blight, ntub rot, los yog nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem uas sau qoob yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub txias thiab los nag huab cua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog ua ke ntawm hnyav av.
Ncaj-khiav - Qos yaj ywm tuaj txog ntawm daim teb yog tam sim ntawd khaws cia tsis muaj caij nplooj zeeg sorting. Nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej, kev ntxuav tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv ob qhov xwm txheej. Yog hais tias cov av admixture nyob rau hauv lub heap tsis siab tshaj 10-15%, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm me tubers mus txog rau 30 mm nyob rau hauv loj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov qoob loo yog insignificant, lawv raug sau raws li qhov yooj yim "combine-cia" tswvyim. , i.e. Qos yaj ywm los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke raug coj mus khaws cia thiab tshem tawm mus rau hauv lub hopper ntawm TZK-30/60 hom conveyor-loader, uas tso cov tubers rau hauv mound. Yog tias cov av sib tov ntau dua 20% thiab feem pua ntawm cov tubers me me yog siab, ces cov qos yaj ywm los ntawm kev sib xyaw yog unloaded mus rau hauv lub niaj hnub txais hopper (piv txwv li, tsim los ntawm GRIMME), ntsia rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub qhov rooj cia. Lub bunker yog nruab nrog ib pawg ntxuav, uas cais cov av thiab me tubers, thiab lub ntsiab ntawm cov qos yaj ywm yog pub los ntawm ib tug system ntawm conveyors (conveyors) mus rau qhov chaw cia, qhov twg pawg stacker nyob. Ntawm cov khoom siv, cov tubers uas tsis yog qauv, pob zeb, pob zeb thiab lwm yam impurities raug xaiv manually. Cov noob qos yaj ywm cog siv cov thev naus laus zis no tau khaws cia kom txog thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, thiab cov feem ntau raug ntsuas thaum npaj ua ntej cog; tib lub sijhawm, cov tubers raug kho nrog kev daws ntawm Maxim, Prestige, Aktara, thiab lwm yam, los yog thaum cog hauv lub planter. qhib.
Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Table 1 nws ua raws li hais tias nyob rau hauv tsis muaj lub caij nplooj zeeg muag, qos yaj ywm nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb yuav tsum tau khaws cia siv ncaj qha-flow technology, thiab nyob rau hauv huab mob heev - siv transshipment technology. Nrog rau hauv-kab thev naus laus zis, ntxiv rau qhov dav dav ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau cov tubers, feem pua ntawm kev tsaus ntuj ntawm cov tawv nqaij los ntawm kev cuam tshuam tau nce ntau, uas ua rau muaj kev pov tseg ntau ntxiv thaum tu tubers - ob zaug siab dua vim qhov kev txo qis hauv cov khoom siv. zoo ntawm qos yaj ywm piv rau direct-flow technology.
Hom qos yaj ywm cia chaw. Bin-hom chaw cia khoom nrog ib qho chaw hauv nruab nrab lossis nrog cov seem cais tau zoo rau kev khaws cov noob qos yaj ywm. (daim duab 1).
Rau cov qos yaj ywm warehouses, cov chaw cia khoom ntawm ib qho yooj yim tsim (tsuas yog ntau hom) yog siv, uas muaj kev siv ntau dua ntawm qhov chaw. Cov noob qos yaj ywm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv thawj cov noob qoob loo, tseem khaws cia rau hauv ntim (Daim duab 2).
Daim duab 2. Ntim tshuab rau khaws cov qos yaj ywm:
a) Cov khoom siv cua txias muab cua los ntawm cov qhov ntsaws ntsug saum lub thawv; b) stacking ntim hauv tsib theem
Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev kim dua, tab sis nws muab kev txav mus los ntau dua ntawm kev ua haujlwm thaum lub sij hawm npaj cov khoom muag thiab kev txheeb xyuas ntau yam thiab kev tsim tawm.
Long-term cia technology algorithm. Kev siv thev naus laus zis, uas ua kom qhov tsawg kawg ntawm kev poob yog ua raws li nruj me ntsis, suav nrog tsib lub sijhawm tseem ceeb: ua ntu zus ziab tubers nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev thauj cov qos yaj ywm rau hauv cia vim tsis tu ncua cua nrog cua sab nraud ntawm tus nqi ntawm 100-200 m3/ t ib teev; lub sijhawm kho - rau 20-25 hnub ntawm qhov kub ntawm 18-20 0Nrog cyclic qhov cua nrog cov cua sab hauv siv txoj kev rov ua haujlwm rau 30-40 feeb ib hnub; lub caij txias nrog kev siv 0,5 0C ib hnub; lub sij hawm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cia kub 4-5 0Nrog rau lub sijhawm ua pa rau 40-50 feeb ob mus rau peb zaug hauv ib lub lis piam thiab lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav - feem ntau lub luag hauj lwm thiab complex, vim hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los tiv thaiv ntxov ntxov germination ntawm tubers, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cog hnub los yog cog nws tus kheej yog ncua vim huab cua. Lub luag haujlwm yog kom tshem tawm cov cua sov sab nraud nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw cia thiab tswj qhov kub thiab txias hauv qhov chaw cia ntawm ib theem los ntawm kev ua pa luv luv nyob rau lub sijhawm txias tshaj plaws ntawm nruab hnub, piv txwv li, nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej kaj ntug.
Cov huab cua txheeb ze nyob rau hauv qhov chaw khaws cia thaum lub caij cog qoob loo, tshwj tsis yog lub sijhawm ziab, yuav tsum nyob rau theem ntawm 90-95%.
Kev siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev loj hlob stimulants. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, txawv teb chaws thiab nyob rau hauv Russia, noob qos yaj ywm cia technology, ntxiv rau kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab stimulating tshuaj (Maxim 0,2 l / t, thiab lwm yam), yog nce nrog xws li ib tug txheej txheem raws li carbonation nrog phytohormone ethylene. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Nyiaj Txiag Institution VNIIKH hauv 2015-2017, khaws cov noob qos yaj ywm hauv ib puag ncig ntawm phytohormone ethylene txij lub Kaum Ib Hlis mus txog Lub Tsib Hlis ntawm qhov kub ntawm 4. 0C pab txhawb rau qhov nce ntawm qhov muag puckered (tshwj xeeb yog vim cov kab mob sab nraud nrog rau kev zam ntawm apical dominance), ua ntej (los ntawm 3-5 hnub) thiab kev tshwm sim tsis sib xws ntawm cov yub, tsim kom muaj ntau cov stems ib Bush ( los ntawm 19,9-36,0% nyob ntawm ntau yam), nce siab ntawm cov nroj tsuag los ntawm 2-3 cm, nce ntawm cov tubers ib Bush (los ntawm 6,3-19,0%) nrog rau qhov pib ua ntej ntawm tuberization, nce nyob rau hauv yield. (tag nrho - los ntawm 9,9-19,0%, marketable - los ntawm 7,0-23,9%, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum siv irrigation), tsim kom muaj ib tug ntau uniform qoob loo qauv (Table 2).
Table 2. Cov cim qhia txog biometric thiab cov qos yaj ywm yield siv cov piv txwv ntawm nruab nrab-thaum ntxov Gala ntau yam thaum siv ethylene, nyob ntawm qhov kev loj hlob tom ntej (qhov nruab nrab rau xyoo 2015-2017)
Loj hlob cheeb tsam | Kev xaiv rau khaws cov noob tubers thiab siv irrigation | Tus naj npawb ntawm stems, pcs. / Bush | Tus naj npawb ntawm tubers pcs. / Bush | Kev tsim khoom, t / ha | |
dav dav | Marketable (tubers feem> 50 mm) | ||||
Lyubertsy (sandy loam av) | tswj | 5,4 | 17,4 | 23,9 | 19,1 |
nrog ethylene | 7,2 | 21,2 | 27,3 | 22,2 | |
Ozersky (loamy av) | tswj | 5,8 | 18,3 | 29,4 | 25,3 |
nrog ethylene | 7,7 | 22,9 | 34,5 | 30,5 | |
tswj (irrigation) | 6,3 | 19,2 | 33,9 | 30,4 | |
nrog ethylene (irrigation) | 8,6 | 24,0 | 40,3 | 37,0 |
Tau ntau xyoo, cov tshuaj Vist 10 g / t (thiabendazole active ingredient) tau txais kev soj ntsuam zoo ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev khaws cov noob qos yaj ywm zoo. Qhov kev muaj peev xwm ntawm Rhizoctonia sclerotia tom qab fumigation nrog cov tshuaj no nrog kev ua pa tawm tau qis dua 14 zaug. Hauv kev sim ntau lawm (Moscow cheeb tsam), tuber poob poob ntawm Amadeus ntau yam los ntawm 8,7%, Asterix - los ntawm 9,4%, Udacha - los ntawm 17,3%, Nevsky - los ntawm 25,8%. Cov qoob loo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm noj qab haus huv tau nce los ntawm 9,4-11,8%. Tus nqi ntawm kev tsim khoom txo qis los ntawm 1,2 npaug, thiab qib profitability yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 49,6-75,5%.
Stanislav Maltsev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences; Vladimir Zeyruk, kws kho mob ntawm Agricultural Sciences;
Sergey Andrianov, kawm tiav; Sofya Shishkova, tus kws tshawb fawb yau,
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “FRC of Potato muaj npe tom qab AG. Lorcha"