E. D. Mytsa, M. A. Pobedinskaya, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky
Blight lig ntawm cov qos yaj ywm thiab txiv lws suav, tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob xws li nceb, oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, yog qhov tshwm sim hauv yuav luag txhua thaj chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb uas kev cog qoob loo no. Nyob rau hauv epiphytotic tej yam kev mob, poob ntawm qos yaj ywm tawm los ntawm lig blight tuaj yeem ncav 10-30% lossis ntau dua, thiab ntawm txiv lws suav, txog li 100% (Ivanyuk li al., 2005).
Ib ntawm cov peev txheej tseem ceeb ntawm thawj cov inoculum Ph. infestans, ua rau cog kev kis kab mob, yog tuab-walled so kev ua me nyuam rov ua qauv - oospores. Hybrid oospores tsim los hla kev sib txawv ntawm cov niam txiv sib txawv ua rau muaj qhov nce ntawm genotypic ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov tib neeg, vim qhov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm cov kab mob mus rau ntau hom tshiab thiab thov fungicides yog ua kom nrawm. Tsim ntawm oospores Ph. infestans hauv daim teb tau sau tseg hauv ntau lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb: Russia (Smirnov li al., 2003), Norway (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strömberg et al., 2001), Netherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) thiab lwm cov cheeb tsam. Muaj cov pov thawj uas oospores ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntsej muag blight tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob ntau dua 2 xyoo hauv cov av hauv qhov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig (Hermansen et al., 2002; Bшdker li al., 2006) thiab ua rau cov nroj tsuag muaj kab mob tom qab dhau txoj cai (Lehtinen li al., 2002; Ulanova li al. al., 2010).
Niaj hnub no tus qauv tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas nrog blight lig yog kev tiv thaiv tshuaj, uas muaj nyob hauv kev kho cog nrog fungicidal npaj. Kev tsim ntawm oospores yog qhov muaj zog tiv thaiv los ntawm ntau cov tshuaj siv los tiv thaiv qos yaj ywm thiab txiv lws suav los ntawm cov blight lig (Kessel li al., 2002; Kuznetsov, 2013). Txawm li cas los xij, lwm cov tshuaj siv dav siv hauv cov qos yaj ywm uas tsis cuam tshuam rau Ph. cov kab mob qis, thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim oospore tsis paub. Yog li no, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm no yog kawm txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim ntawm oospores ntawm qee cov tshuaj siv dav hauv cov qos yaj ywm, tab sis tsis tau sau npe tawm tsam blight.
Peb tau siv 9 Ph. infestans ntawm ntau hom kev ua tsis tau niam, cais los ntawm peb los ntawm cov kab mob qos nplooj hauv nroog Moscow, Leningrad, Ryazan thaj chaw. Txhawm rau kawm txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm mycelium thiab kev tsim ntawm oospores, cov tshuaj hauv qab no tau siv: fungicides Maxim (nquag muaj cov fludioxonil los ntawm chav kawm ntawm phenylpyrroles) thiab Skor (difenoconazole, triazoles), tshuaj tua kab Aktara (thiamethoxam, neonicotinoids) thiab Tanrek (imidacinib), thiab Tanrek (imidacinic) , triazines). Txhua yam tshuaj tua kab yog sau npe "Daim Ntawv Teev Npe Hauv Xeev ntawm Cov Tshuaj tua kab thiab Agrochemicals" rau xyoo 2014. Txhawm rau kawm txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj tua kabmob tsom rau kev loj hlob ntawm oomycete colony, txhua hom kab mob tau tsim muaj nrog agar block nyob nruab nrab ntawm Petri phaj nrog qhov nruab nrab oat. Kev ntsuam xyuas cov tshuaj tua tau raug muab coj los ntxiv rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, thiab 100.0 mg / L (hais txog ntawm cov tshuaj nquag - DV). Raws li kev tswj hwm, peb tau siv qhov nruab nrab tsis tas yuav siv tshuaj tua kab. Cov dej hauv lub cev tau tsim tawm ntawm 18 ° C rau 12-15 hnub kom txog rau thaum txoj kab xev xaim ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tsis pub siv tshuaj tua kab yog 70-80% ntawm Petri phaj txoj kab, tom qab ntawd lub cheeb ntawm cov kab xaum tau raug ntsuas hauv kev tswj hwm thiab sim cov ntsuas sib txawv.
Cov kev sim tau nqa tawm hauv 3 qhov qauv ntawd. Kev kawm txog kev tsim ntawm oospores tau ua tiav ntawm agar oat nruab nrab (30 ml hauv Petri phaj) nrog ntxiv ntawm fungicide ntawm qhov ntau ntawm 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, thiab 100.0 mg / L thiab ntawm ib qho nruab nrab yam tsis muaj fungicide (tswj). Rau lub hom phiaj no, cov thaiv cov pob zeb nrog cov mating hom A1 thiab A2 cais tau muab tso rau hauv khub nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom noj kom nruab nrab ntawm qhov deb ntawm 5 cm ntawm ib leeg. Lub inoculations tau tsim tawm ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ph rau kev loj hlob. Cov kab mob no rau thaum kub li 18 ° C rau 20 hnub. Tom qab cog qoob loo, cov khoom noj khoom haus nruab nrab nrog cov noob kab mob tau rov pib dua nrog tus tov hauv 30 ml ntawm cov dej distilled, thiab npaj rau microscopy tau npaj los ntawm qhov raug ncua. Hauv txhua qhov hloov pauv, 180 thaj chaw ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas tau raug kuaj (3 daim qauv coj ua, 60 daim teb ntawm qhov pom). Tom qab ntawd cov concentration ntawm oospores tau rov ua dua tshiab (pcs / ofl ntawm nruab nrab).
Cov nyhuv ntawm tshuaj tua kab ntawm radial colony kev loj hlob. Qhov txawv txav, thiamethoxam, thiab imidacloprid tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo li cas ntawm kev loj hlob radial ntawm Ph. infestans (Cov Lus 1). Cov tshuaj tua kab mob metribuzin ua rau lub cev qeeb me ntsis hauv thawj lub sijhawm (5-7 hnub ntawm kev loj hlob); txawm li cas los xij, txog hnub 10, cov diameters ntawm cov pawg tau dhau los ua qhov loj me. Fludioxonil cov lus nthuav tawm ua rau Ph. infestans ntawm kev saib xyuas hauv qhov nruab nrab ntau dua 10 mg / l.
Cov lus 1
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm radial kev loj hlob ntawm cov kob Phytophthora infestan
Fungicide-DV (tshuaj) | Colony txoj kab ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv (mg / L) DW hauv nruab nrab, hli | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (Aktara tshuaj) | 82 ± 6 | 81 ± 7 (99%) | 82 ± 6 (100%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 792 ± 6 | - | 76 ± 9 (96%) | 77 ± 8 (97%) | 76 ± 5 (96%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 82 ± 6 | - | 74 ± 12 (90%) | 56 ± 10 (68%) | 46 ± 3 (56%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 88 ± 12 | - | 85 ± 12 (97%) | 86 ± 9 (98%) | 80 ± 5 (91%) |
Ntshav siab txawv (Scor) | 82 ± 7 | - | 76 ± 9 (93%) | 84 ± 4 (102%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) |
Lus khaws xav. Qhov "±" kos npe yog tom qab los ntawm qhov kev ntseeg siab rau qib tseem ceeb ntawm 0.05. Cov kev muaj nuj nqis hauv kev thaiv ntu qhia qhov sib piv ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov pawg nyob rau hauv kev sim kom sib txawv mus rau qhov ntawd hauv kev tswj hwm tsis tas siv tshuaj tua kab. Daim paib “-” txhais tias kev tshawb fawb tsis tau tshawb nrhiav.
Cov lus 2
Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab rau kev tsim ntawm oospores Phytophthora infestan hauv nruab nrab agar
Fungicide-DV (tshuaj) | Tus naj npawb ntawm oospores hauv nruab nrab ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv (mg / l) DV, pcs / μl | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (Aktara tshuaj) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 79.8 ± 3.8 (100%) | 79.1 ± 3.9 (100%) | 71.4 ± 3.7 (90%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | - | 70.0 ± 3.4 (88%) | 66.0 ± 3.1 (83%) | 35.8 ± 2.8 (45%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 112.7 ± 6.9 | - | 98.4 ± 8.6 (87%) | 73.6 ± 5.4 (65%) | 42.3 ± 3.7 (36%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 135.0 ± 9.5 | - | 103.0 ± 9.8 (70%) | 118.2 ± 9.3 (88%) | 74.8 ± 8.1 (55%) |
Ntshav siab txawv (Scor) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 72.5 ± 3.6 (91%) | 82.2 ± 3.7 (103%) | 54.9 ± 2.8 (69%) | 35.8 ± 2.3 (45%) |
Txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab rau kev tsim ntawm oospores Ph. infestans hauv nruab nrab. Nws tau pom tias qhov kev xav tsawg tsawg ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm oospores ntawm qee qhov kev mob siab yog tshwm sim los ntawm txhua qhov tshuaj tshawb xyuas (Cov Lus 2). Ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lub zog ntawm 1.0 mg / l, txhua yam tshuaj tua kab, tsuas yog tshwj tsis yog Aktara thiab Skor npaj, ua rau muaj qhov tsis pom kev tsawg tsawg hauv cov dej tsim tsim (los ntawm 12–24% piv rau kev tswj). Ib qho kev nce ntxiv ntawm qhov kev kub siab ntawm cov tshuaj nquag hauv nruab nrab ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov nyhuv inhibitory. Kev npaj raws li thiamethoxam thiab difenoconazole ua rau muaj kev poob qis ntawm cov xov tooj cua thaum cov tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj nquag hauv nruab nrab tau ntau dua 10 mg / l.
Sib tham thiab xaus lus. Kev kawm txog cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tsis sau npe tawm tsam lig blight ntawm qos ntawm kev loj hlob radial ntawm mycelium pom, raws li kev cia siab, tsis muaj zog kev loj hlob inhibition (fludioxonil) lossis tsis cuam tshuam txog kev loj hlob (lwm cov tshuaj tua kab tau kawm).
Cov lus 3. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj nquag hauv cov kua dej ua haujlwm
Kev npaj (fungicide-DV) | Siv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm DV hauv cov khoom nruab nrab nruab nrab, mg / l | Kev sib xyaw ntawm DW hauv cov kua ua haujlwm thaum lub sij hawm ua cov hmoov av, mg / l |
---|---|---|
Aktara (thiamethoxam) | 0.1, 1, 10 | 37-75 * |
Tanrek (imidacloprid) | 1, 10, 100 | 50-100 |
Maxim (fludioxonil) | 1, 10, 100 | 1000 |
Zenkor (metribuzin) | 1, 10, 100 | 1630-4900 |
Scor (tawv nqaij) | 0.1, 1, 10, 100 | 188-625 |
* Cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm raws li "Xeev phau ntawv teev cov tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj lom neeg" rau xyoo 2014.
Txhua tus kawm txog cov tshuaj tua kab ua rau txo qis hauv kev tsim ntawm oospores hauv nruab nrab cov as-ham. Kev soj ntsuam qhov ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hauv qhov nruab nrab tau qis dua lossis kwv yees sib luag (rau imidacloprid) mus rau qhov muaj kev tso cai ntau hauv cov kua ua haujlwm (Cov Lus 3). Hauv peb qhov kev sim, qhov kev cais ntawm kev tsim cov dej oospores nce ntxiv thaum cov tshuaj ntau ntxiv, uas qhia txog qhov nce ntawm cov nyhuv thaum sib cuag nrog cov kua dej ua haujlwm ntau. Qhov txawv txav ua rau muaj qhov kev txo qis tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm oospores tsis yog hauv kev sim rau ntawm cov khoom noj nruab nrab, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev txiav cov qos nplooj tso rau hauv cov kua uas muaj cov fungicide. Yog li, hauv Vektar Belorussian ntau yam, 32 oospores rau 1 mm2 ntawm thaj chaw nplooj tau pom nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm, ntawm qhov kub siab ntawm difenoconazole hauv dej ntawm 10 mg / l - 24, thiab ntawm 100 mg / l - 12 oospores / mm2. Qhov sib txawv hauv qhov ntau ntawm oospores ntawm 100 mg / l ntawm lub tshuab ua kom fungicide thiab hauv kev tswj hwm yog muaj cov lus sau (Elansky, Mytsa, tsis tshaj tawm).
Cov tshuaj tua kab yuav cuam tshuam rau ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv cov kab mob fungal. Hauv cov ntawv nyeem, peb tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv uas qee yam piav qhia txog qhov ua tau ntawm cov tshuaj tshawb fawb ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv pov thawj. Cia peb sim ua qee qhov kev xav hais txog kev txiav txim ntawm difenoconazole. Lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov kev ua haujlwm fungicidal yog qhov kev txwv tsis pub C14-dimethylase enzyme, uas yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv sterol biosynthesis. Cov tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob hu ua fungi, nroj tsuag thiab lwm yam muaj sia thiab yog ib feem ntawm lawv cov cell membrane. Oomycetes ntawm lub genus Phytophthora, thaum tsis muaj sterols, muaj peev xwm tsuas yog kev loj hlob; kev tsim ntawm oospores yog tag nrho cov kev txwv (Elliott li al., 1966).
Oomycetes tsis muaj peev xwm coj los ua ke ntawm sterols lawv tus kheej; lawv sib xyaw rau hauv lawv daim nyias nyias cov sterols tau los ntawm cov tswv tsev cog, hloov kho rau lawv. Hauv peb qhov kev sim, peb siv oat agar nruab nrab nplua nuj nyob hauv â-sitosterol thiab isofucosterol (Knights, 1965), i.e., cov tshuaj uas txhawb kev tsim ntawm oospores. Nws yog tau tias difenoconazole inhibits kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes muab kev koom tes hauv kev hloov kho lossis siv cov sterol sib txuas tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Qhov no tuaj yeem, nyeg, txo cov kev siv ntawm oospore tsim.
Ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tsawg, raws li qhia hauv peb kev ua haujlwm, difenoconazole muaj lub zog kev txhawb zog rau kev loj hlob ntawm mycelium thiab kev tsim ntawm oospores.
Kev tsim ntawm kev tsim oospores hauv nruab nrab cov khoom noj khoom haus yav dhau los tau qhia rau anti-phytophthora fungicides. Yog li, hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Kessel li al. (2002) tshawb ntxiv ntau tshaj 10 tshuaj tiv thaiv kev lag luam yeeb tshuaj. Fluazinam, dimethomorph, thiab cymoxanil nyob rau hauv qhov tsis sib haum ntau tau txwv kev tsim los ntawm oospores hauv qhov nruab nrab agar; metalaxil, maneb thiab propamocarb pom muaj kev cuam tshuam loj; mancozeb thiab chlorothalonil tsis tau ua haujlwm zoo rau kev txhim kho oospore. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm S.A. Kuznetsov (Kuznetsov, 2013), kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev tsim oospores ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus nruab nrab los ntawm cov tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg ntawm metalaxyl tau qhia.
Peb qhov kev sim pom tau hais tias kev npaj tshuaj tua kab siv rau hauv cov qos yaj ywm, uas tsis tseem muaj qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab blight lig, txwv kev tsim ntawm oospores. Yog li, kom ua tiav kev tiv thaiv tshuaj ntawm cov qos yaj ywm siv cov tshuaj fungicides, tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj tua kab mob kom txo tau qhov zoo ntawm kev tsim oospores hauv cov nplooj ntoo.
Qhov haujlwm no tau pab los ntawm Lavxias Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb (qhov project No. 14-50-00029).
Cov ntsiab lus tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv journal "Mycology thiab Phytopathology" (Volume 50, Issue 1, 2016).