Cov qos yaj ywm cov noob qoob loo hauv Russia muaj keeb kwm luv luv, piv txwv li, nrog Western European lub teb chaws, qhov twg nws tau tsim ntau xyoo dhau los. Lub koom haum cov qauv ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm uas tau coj mus rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem nyob rau hauv lub USSR yog sawv cev los ntawm peb lub ntsiab txuas.
Thawj qhov txuas suav nrog cov liaj teb uas tsim cov neeg tseem ceeb (elitekhozes), qhov thib ob - cov liaj teb uas nthuav tawm cov neeg tseem ceeb (semkhozes), qhov thib peb - cov noob qoob loo ntawm cov liaj teb thiab lub xeev ua liaj ua teb uas tsim cov qos yaj ywm muag.
Thawj qhov kev cai thiab kev tswj hwm hauv kev tsim cov noob qos yaj ywm tau tsim thiab muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab-60s, suav nrog "Txoj Cai ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cov neeg tseem ceeb" thiab "Txoj Cai ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cog qoob loo hauv kev ua liaj ua teb thiab hauv xeev" ( 1966). Nyob rau hauv thawj ob qhov txuas, ncaj qha nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm lub xeev kev ua liaj ua teb cov tub ceev xwm, kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cov neeg tseem ceeb tau ua tiav raws li "Kev Cai ntawm Cov Qos Ntoo Elite". Tom qab ntawd, "Txoj Cai Tswjfwm Ntiag Tug rau Kev Loj Hlob Qis Cov Neeg Tseem Ceeb" tau txais kev pom zoo, tsim los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tshawb Fawb Txog Qos Ua Liaj Ua Teb thiab pom zoo los ntawm USSR Ministry of Agriculture (1971).
Hauv qhov txuas thib peb, raws li "Txoj Cai ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cog qoob loo hauv kev ua liaj ua teb thiab lub xeev ua liaj ua teb", cov noob qos yaj ywm tau propagated (ntawm-ua liaj ua teb cov noob qoob loo) rau kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm muag. Cov noob qoob loo tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov noob qoob loo, ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov liaj teb hauv cov noob qos yaj ywm ntawm ntau yam tso tawm rau kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm muag. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov noob qoob loo yog kwv yees li 20-30% ntawm tag nrho cov qos yaj ywm qoob loo ntawm lub teb.
Raws li kev cog qoob loo cog qoob loo tsim nyob rau xyoo 60, cov liaj teb tau yuav cov noob qos yaj ywm - cov neeg tseem ceeb muab los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb-loj ua liaj ua teb, lossis cov qos yaj ywm zoo ntawm thawj lossis thib ob rov ua dua los ntawm cov noob ua liaj ua teb (Fig. 1).
Hauv kev teeb tsa thiab ua haujlwm cuam tshuam txog kev sau qoob loo, khaws cia thiab muag ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov noob qos yaj ywm, lub luag haujlwm loj tau muab rau lub koom haum Sortsemovoshch. Cov txheej txheem subdivisions ntawm lub koom haum Sortsemovoshch nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm lawv cov kev ua ub no yuav thiab muag cov neeg tseem ceeb, varietal noob qos yaj ywm rau ntau yam kev hloov tshiab thiab ntau yam kev hloov, nrog rau yuav, khaws cia thiab muag republican thiab lub zos cov nyiaj txiag ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab varietal noob qos yaj ywm ntawm zoned ntau yam.
Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub koom haum "Sortsemovoshch", ua ke nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ua liaj ua teb thiab cov chaw soj ntsuam cov noob tau koom nrog hauv kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev lees txais cov qoob loo thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb batch npaj rau kev muag khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau ua kev tshawb fawb, kev pom zoo thiab kev soj ntsuam tuber ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm ntawm thawj zaug kev loj hlob, npaj rau kev sau thiab muag rau ntau yam kev hloov tshiab thiab ntau yam kev hloov pauv. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais nyob rau hauv lub USSR, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo 80s, tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm ntawm ntau dua reproductions sau thiab muag los ntawm lub koom haum Sortsemovoshch yog ntau tshaj 300 txhiab tons, nrog rau ntau tshaj 100 txhiab tons nyob rau hauv lub RSFSR. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias txog thaum pib ntawm xyoo 70, kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm tseem ceeb hauv RSFSR yog qhov tsis txaus (25-28 txhiab tons hauv ib xyoos), thiab nws qhov zoo yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo dua qub. Txoj kev loj hlob tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb qos yaj ywm noob qoob loo nyob rau hauv Russia hnub rov qab mus rau nruab nrab-70s thiab 80s. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas muaj kev txhim kho radical nyob rau hauv lub koom haum thiab cov txheej txheem hauv paus, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov noob qoob loo tau pib, thiab kev nce qib ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb tau ua tiav (Fig. 2).
Lub koom haum cov qauv ntawm cov noob qoob loo tsim nyob rau hauv RSFSR los ntawm nruab nrab-70s, raws li kev paub tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua liaj ua teb hauv kev tsim cov noob qoob loo ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev loj hlob, suav nrog peb theem:
- cultivation ntawm super-super cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv kev ua liaj ua teb tshwj xeeb rau thawj cov noob qos yaj ywm;
- kev hloov ntawm super-super-elite mus rau cov neeg tseem ceeb-loj hlob ua liaj ua teb (elitekhozes) thiab nrhiav tau cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv lawv los ntawm kev muab ob npaug ntxiv;
- kev hloov ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ncaj qha mus rau kev ua liaj ua teb ua liaj ua teb thiab lub xeev ua liaj ua teb rau kev yug me nyuam thiab kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm ua lag luam tsis qis dua III-V kev tsim tawm (Fig. 3).
Lub network tsim ntawm tshwj xeeb ua liaj ua teb rau zus tau tej cov noob qos yaj ywm ua tau nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 80s kom nce qhov muag ntim ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb mus rau 100-110 txhiab tons, thiaj li hais tias rau txhua txhua 100 hectares ntawm coj mus muag qos cog rau sau ua liaj ua teb thiab lub xeev. ua liaj ua teb muaj tsawg kawg yog 5 tons ntawm cov qos yaj ywm neeg tseem ceeb. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txoj haujlwm no tau raug xa mus rau All-Lavxias Kev Tsim Khoom thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Koom Haum rau Cov Qos Qos Loj hlob "Rossemkartofel", uas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1976 ua ib lub tsev nyob hauv Ministry of Agriculture ntawm RSFSR.
Lub koom haum nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd suav nrog Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb Qos Qos (NIIKH), NIIKH Breeding Center, Experimental Design Bureau, sim chaw nres tsheb thiab sim ua liaj ua teb ntawm NIIKH, nrog rau ntau tshaj 50 lub xeev tshwj xeeb ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv 17 cheeb tsam thiab 6 autonomous koom pheej RSFSR. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm 24 tshwj xeeb ua liaj ua teb, NIIKH lub chaw soj nstuam rau thawj cov noob qos yaj ywm raug teeb tsa. Lub koom haum ntawm lub koom haum "Rossemkartofel" tau ua kom muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov noob qoob loo hauv cov cheeb tsam, thaj chaw thiab cov koom pheej ywj pheej, uas nyob rau hauv tag nrho txog 80% ntawm tag nrho cov qos yaj ywm Lavxias teb sab thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
Tsis tas li ntawd, lub koom haum Rossemkartofel tau muab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov noob qos yaj ywm thoob plaws hauv RSFSR, muab kev sib txuas lus ncaj qha ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm nrog cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos thiab cov chaw tshawb fawb.
Nyob rau hauv cov liaj teb tshwj xeeb ntawm Rossemkartofel Association, lub hauv paus zoo tau muab tso rau qhov kev nce ntxiv hauv qhov ntim ntawm thawj cov noob qoob loo rau zoned thiab cog lus ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv 1979, lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm thawj noob zus tau tej cov NIIKH nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tshwj xeeb ua liaj ua teb tsim chaw zov me nyuam ntawm thawj cov noob qoob loo rau 44 ntau yam ntawm qos yaj ywm nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv ntau lawm. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai ntawm Ministry of Agriculture ntawm RSFSR, thaj tsam ntawm kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm super neeg tseem ceeb tau nce los ntawm 149 hectares hauv xyoo 1976 txog 495 hectares hauv xyoo 1979, thiab cov qos yaj ywm cov neeg tseem ceeb, feem, los ntawm 382 txog 1313 ha (Anisimov, 1981). Qhov no tau dhau los ua tsaug rau kev txhawb nqa los ntawm lub xeev thiab cov phiaj xwm faib, raws li Txoj Cai ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm RSFSR (1976), ntawm cov nyiaj tseem ceeb uas tau coj mus rau kev txhim kho cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov noob tshwj xeeb. ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv loj tshaj plaws qos loj hlob cheeb tsam thiab cov creation nyob rau hauv lawv zoo-tsim rau lub sij hawm ntawd, kuaj-tsev cog khoom cog-loj complexes, raws li zoo raws li kev tsim kho ntawm qos yaj ywm cia capacities tsim nyog rau cov hom phiaj no.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cov noob qoob loo nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 70 thiab 80s, ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem ceev yog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj kev txhim kho radical nyob rau hauv txoj kev thiab optimization ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb qos yaj ywm noob qoob loo schemes. Qhov kev coj ua ntawm xyoo ntawd tau tsom mus rau kev tsim cov noob clonal. Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov neeg tseem ceeb loj hlob ua liaj ua teb, thawj cov nroj tsuag rau thawj cov noob qoob loo raug xaiv nyob rau hauv lub chaw zov me nyuam ntawm clones ntawm lub xyoo 1st raws li kev ntsuam xyuas pom ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub teb thiab kev soj ntsuam soj ntsuam ntawm nplooj qauv siv txoj kev serodiagnosis. Txawm li cas los xij, ib feem ntawm cov clones nyob rau xyoo ntawm kev xaiv yog feem ntau raug tus kab mob tshiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov nroj tsuag uas muaj kab mob tshiab, thaum kuaj hauv thaj teb, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo rau cov kab mob thiab, raws li txoj cai, lawv tsis tuaj yeem kuaj pom thiab muab pov tseg hauv lub xyoo kis kab mob. Yog li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag tau xaiv nyob rau hauv clones ntawm lub xyoo 1st nrog ib tug tsis zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov kab mob, thaum kuaj nyob rau hauv progeny, twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej tau kis mus rau ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg dua, nyob ntawm seb ntau yam thiab tej yam kev mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag. lub sijhawm ntawm xyoo dhau los. Cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo dua tau txais nrog kev siv tshuaj xyuas ntxiv ntawm kev kis tus kab mob ntawm cov khoom siv clonal xaiv nyob rau lub caij ntuj no los ntawm txoj kev ntsuas ntsuas raws li "qhov muag kuaj" (cov nroj tsuag loj hlob los ntawm ib tus tuber ob lub qhov muag (qhov ntsuas) hauv chav kuaj tsev cog khoom). Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas thiab tsis lees paub cov tubers ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj kab mob thiab clones nrog ntau dua kev ntseeg siab ua ntej cog lawv hauv thaj teb.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau ua nyob rau ntawm All-Union Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) tau pom tias kev siv cov txheej txheem serological raws li cov txheej txheem nruj me ntsis ntawm cov noob qoob loo cog qoob loo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm thaj av North-West ua rau nws ua tau. tau cov noob tsis muaj kab mob ntawm cov kab mob ntau tshaj (X, S, M). Ua los ntawm V.I. Sadovnikova (1965), tshwj xeeb txoj kev sim, nyob rau hauv uas kaum tawm txhiab tus nroj tsuag tau soj ntsuam, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus kos ib tug zoo-tsim lus xaus hais tias nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm lub North-West, noob cov ntaub ntawv uas tau raws li lub clonal noob qoob loo cov tswv yim tuaj yeem. yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev hauv lub xeev tsis muaj kab mob kis kab mob (Daim duab 4). Nws kuj tau pom tias kev siv tsuas yog kev xaiv tsis zoo los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov kab mob los ntawm kev cog qoob loo tsis tau muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no.
Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm NIIKH thiab cov kev paub dhau los, nws tau pom tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua los siv tsis yog ib tus neeg cov nroj tsuag tau xaiv nyob rau hauv chaw zov me nyuam ntawm clones ntawm 1st xyoo, tab sis tus neeg noj qab haus huv (tsis muaj kab mob) li. tubers xaiv nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb xaiv chaw zov me nyuam nrog yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv los ntawm serodiagnostics nyob rau hauv lub tom qab sau cov kev tswj system. Rau kev rov ua dua txhua xyoo ntawm kev xaiv chaw zov me nyuam, rau txhua 100 tons ntawm cov qos yaj ywm super-super, nws raug pom zoo kom cog txog 4000 indexed tubers, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo tau cov nqi thiab cov naj npawb ntawm kev soj ntsuam.Rice. Fig. 5. Kev faib tawm thiab txwv kev xaiv ntawm clones thaum ntsuas lub zes, nyob ntawm cov qauv cog (ntau yam Ramensky, 1979-1981)
Rau lub hom phiaj no, indexed loj tubers hnyav 100 g los yog ntau tshaj yog siv los tsim ib tug xaiv chaw zov me nyuam. Kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov tubers tau ua nrog ib kab sib nrug ntawm 140 cm thiab qhov deb ntawm tubers nyob rau hauv kab ntawm 70 cm.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau ua los ntawm Zavorovo qhov chaw tsim khoom ntawm NIIKH tau pom tias cov tswv yim zoo li no rau kev cog cov tubers hauv kev xaiv chaw zov me nyuam kom ntseeg tau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tubers hauv cov qoob loo ntawm txhua lub tuber pib. Yog li, nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov kev sim ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm ntau lub tswv yim rau kev tso chaw zov me nyuam rau kev xaiv ntawm ntau yam tshiab Ramensky nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no tau txais. Nyob rau hauv kev tswj variant (cog raws li ib txwm scheme ntawm 70x30 cm, tubers hnyav 60-80 g), 45% ntawm bushes nrog mus txog rau 10 tubers ib Bush tig tawm mus tua, uas feem ntau yog muab pov tseg thaum xaiv. Ntawm qhov seem 55% ntawm bushes, 47% muaj 11-20 tubers thiab tsuas yog 8% muaj 21 mus rau 30 tubers ib Bush.
Nyob rau hauv kev sim variant (cog raws li lub tswv yim 140x70 cm, loj tubers hnyav 100 g), tsuas yog 11% ntawm bushes tsis haum rau xaiv (nrog tsawg tshaj li 10 tubers ib Bush). Qhov seem 89% ntawm bushes muaj ntau dua tubers, nrog rau 47% mus txog 20 tubers ib Bush, 24% ntawm 21 mus rau 30 thiab 18% ntawm 31 mus rau 50 tubers ib Bush (Fig. 5).
Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias xws li ib tug cog tswv yim tsim lub feem ntau haum tej yam kev mob tsis tau tsuas yog rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tab sis kuj rau qhov yooj yim coj mus kuaj pom tseeb ntawm txhua tsob nroj thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm vegetative loj hlob, thiab. kev siv tag nrho cov kev tiv thaiv tsim nyog thiab kev tiv thaiv hauv kev xaiv chaw zov me nyuam.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov qos yaj ywm noob zus nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb ua liaj ua teb, ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo kev ntsuas tau coj los txhim kho nws zoo rau lub ntsiab ntau yam tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thiab cog lus. Txog rau qhov kawg no, NIIKH tau tsim thiab, ua ib feem ntawm kev sim ntau lawm, tau ua tiav cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau lub sijhawm ntawd kom tau txais thiab ua kom rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv, txhim kho los ntawm txoj kev apical meristem, uas maj mam dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm tus kab mob. -free qos noob qoob loo (Trofimets, Boyko, Anisimov, thiab lwm yam., 1990). Cov thev naus laus zis tsim tau suav nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv qab no:
- npaj ntawm tubers rau cais cov apical meristems; kuaj xyuas lawv thawj kab mob los ntawm enzyme immunoassay (ELISA); germination nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm qhov kub ntawm 35-37 ° C rau ib mus rau ob lub hlis;
- Kev rho tawm ntawm meristems nrog qhov loj ntawm 100-200 microns nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv microbiological nyob rau hauv ib lub tsom iav raj nrog ib daim phiaj teev ntawm qhov loj ntawm 30-50 zaug thiab cog rau hauv cov raj ntsuas ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab nrog cov pob zeb hauv av raws li Murashige-Skoog nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm kinetin;
- loj hlob nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub xeem raj nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev nrog tswj tej yam kev mob ntawm kub, av noo thiab illumination (kub 23 ° C, huab cua humidity 70%, illumination 5-10 txhiab lux ntawm 12-teev lub teeb);
- txiav ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau txais raws li tus naj npawb ntawm internodes thiab cog ntawm cuttings ntawm ib tug nutrient nruab nrab nyob rau hauv lub xeem tubs; kev siv ib qho kev txiav ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm txhua tsob nroj los txiav txim qhov kab mob los ntawm electron microscopy thiab enzyme immunoassay (ELISA);
- rov ua ob-peb-peb kos kab ntawm kab mob kis kab mob los ntawm ELISA nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm grafting;
- transplanting nroj tsuag los ntawm kev sim tub mus rau greenhouses kom tau ib tug qoob loo ntawm tubers;
- Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsev cog khoom los ntawm ELISA; kev siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nthuav tawm nrawm hauv vitro txhawm rau kom tau txais cov khoom loj ntawm cov khoom pib tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov noob (rooting ntawm saum thiab axillary tua ntawm cov nroj tsuag, cog cuttings nrog ib tug txwv pub cheeb tsam - 6x6 cm. , cuttings ntawm sprouts tom qab mus sij hawm ntev germination ntawm tubers, thiab lwm yam .);
- Kev sim teb thiab kev nthuav tawm ntawm tsev cog khoom meristem clones nyob rau hauv nruj spatial cais los ntawm lwm yam qos plantations.
Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tsim ua kom tau txais ntau txhiab meristem clones nyob rau hauv ib xyoos rau lawv suav nrog hauv thawj cov noob qoob loo ntawm qos yaj ywm.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv dav siv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tau txais cov khoom siv meristem rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm tsis muaj kab mob, NIIKH tau pib cov kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb hauv kev coj ua kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj kab mob nrog kev sim ntawm lawv cov xeeb ntxwv hauv thawj. teb chaw zov me nyuam thiab coj lawv mus rau super-super-elite thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov haujlwm tau teeb tsa los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm txo lub sijhawm rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb (tshwj xeeb yog cov tshiab thiab cog lus ntau yam), txhim kho qhov zoo thiab txo tus nqi ntawm nws cov khoom. Txhawm rau daws cov dej num tau teeb tsa hauv 1972-1977, ntau yam kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb cog qoob loo tau kawm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Loj Hlob ntawm NIIKH: nrog rau kev sim ob xyoos clone (cov txheej txheem ib txwm siv), nrog rau ib xyoos clone chaw zov me nyuam, xws li nrog rau ntau yam kev sim nrog ib xyoos clone xaiv thiab luam tawm ntawm cov khoom siv clone ua ke siv tuber unit method.
Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm V.N. Akatiev nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow, siv cov khoom siv txhim kho los ntawm apical meristem txoj kev, rau kev siv dav hauv kev xyaum, ib lub tswv yim rau kev tsim cov noob qoob loo nrog kev sim ib xyoos ntawm clones tau pom zoo, suav nrog:
- Kev sim teb ntawm meristem clones.
- Pre-propagation ntawm pooled clones.
- Luam.
- Kev cog qoob loo ntawm super-superelite.
- Kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb.
- Raising ib tug neeg tseem ceeb.
Cov peev txheej thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau ua raws li cov qauv no ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov noob qoob loo tau pom hauv daim duab 6.
Txhawm rau kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ntau dua hauv cov chaw zov me nyuam, kev sim teb ntawm meristem clones thiab kev nthuav tawm ua ntej, qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tau txais thaum loj hlob noj qab haus huv (tsis muaj kab mob) cov khoom siv tuber unit method. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev no yog raws li nram no: ua ntej cog, tubers hnyav los ntawm 60 g nyob rau hauv txhua clone raug txiav mus rau hauv ob peb qhov chaw kom qhov hnyav ntawm txhua feem yog tsawg kawg yog 30 g, nrog ib tug los yog ob lub qhov muag. Txhua qhov ntawm txhua qhov txiav tuber uas yog "tuber unit" tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub hnab cais. Txhua lub hnab nrog tuber units los ntawm ib lub clone tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub thawv cais. Clones npaj rau hauv txoj kev no tau cog rau hauv ib kab. Thaum cog, cov ciam teb ntawm clones tau muab faib, nyob rau hauv uas cov tuberous units kuj delimited. Nyob rau hauv txhua lub clone, tuberous units nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm noob qhov chaw yog thawj zaug cog, ces nrog ib tug me me (nyob rau hauv nqe lus txiav txim) thiab xaus nrog uncut me tubers ntawm ib feem ntawm 25-50 g (Fig. 7). Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, ib tug yooj yim txoj kev yog feem ntau siv, thaum lub tubers raug txiav ob peb lub lis piam ua ntej cog, tawm hauv ib tug txuas txuas nyob rau hauv nruab nrab los yog nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tuber. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov seem ntawm tuber tseem nias tawm tsam ib leeg. Thaum kawg, tubers tau muab faib ua ntu ncaj qha thaum cog.
Ntxiv ntim rau tuber units tsis tas yuav tsum tau.
Thaum lub caij cog qoob loo, cov nroj tsuag tau soj ntsuam thiab kuaj cov kab mob uas pom tau thiab serologically. Yog tias tsawg kawg yog ib tsob nroj muaj kab mob tau pom nyob rau hauv ib lub tuber, nws raug muab pov tseg tag nrho; txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov clone tsis raug tso tseg, tab sis tsuas yog cov tuber sib raug zoo raug tshem tawm; ib pawg ntawm cov nroj tsuag muab los ntawm ib tug tuber. Cov ntaub ntawv tau pom tau hais tias cog ib clone chaw zov me nyuam siv tuber units txoj kev rau feem ntau ntau yam ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom lub multiplication factor los ntawm ib tug thiab ib nrab mus rau ob lub sij hawm thiab, raws li, txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov xaiv nroj tsuag thiab clones thiab txo nqi. rau 100 tons ntawm cov qos yaj ywm super-super elite. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tau txais los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam feem ntau siv zog ntawm clones ntawm xyoo thib ob nrog cov chaw zov me nyuam ua ntej yug me nyuam ntawm cov clones ua ke.
Los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm tuber units, raws li kev siv cov txiav cog tubers, hauv cov chaw zov me nyuam ntawm thawj cov noob qoob loo, thaum siv cov khoom siv meristem, lwm txoj hauv kev ntawm kev nce cov txiaj ntsig tau kuj tau nthuav dav heev hauv kev xyaum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cog qos yaj ywm seedlings. los ntawm sprout cuttings nyob rau hauv peat pots nrog tom ntej cog lawv nyob rau hauv lub teb, reproduction los ntawm layering, qia cuttings, thiab lwm yam. (Anisimov, Maksakova, 1975).
Raws li kev sib piv cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm ntau yam sib txawv ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb cov txheej txheem tsim cov noob qoob loo, nws tau pom tias thaum siv cov khoom siv tau los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai meristem hauv kev sib xyaw nrog clonal micropropagation, lub sijhawm tsim cov qos yaj ywm cov neeg tseem ceeb tuaj yeem txo mus rau peb mus rau plaub xyoos, uas. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev loj hlob sai thiab kev txhawb nqa. Nyob rau hauv lub pilot ntau lawm teb ntawm NIIKH nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm lub Moscow cheeb tsam, raws li tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb variants ntawm kev sim schemes, batches ntawm super-super elite qos yaj ywm ntawm high quality tau txais. Tus super-superelite, tau txais raws li lub tswv yim nrog kev sim clone ib xyoos, muaj, nyob ntawm ntau yam, los ntawm 90 mus rau 99% ntawm cov nroj tsuag noj qab haus huv, piv txwv li. yog yuav luag zoo ib yam li cov super-super-elite, tau raws li lub tswv yim nrog ib tug ob-xyoo clone xeem. Qib ntawm cov khoom tsim tau ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb super-super ntawm qos yaj ywm tau txais raws li ntau lub tswv yim kuj yuav luag zoo ib yam thiab nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 300-350 c / ha.
Ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev txhim kho cov kab ke ntawm cov kab mob tsis muaj cov noob qoob loo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tau dhau los ua lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam uas tsis muaj kab mob thawj zaug hauv cov ntim loj los muab cov liaj teb tshwj xeeb rau thawj cov noob qoob loo. Txog rau qhov kawg no, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub koom haum Rossemkartofel, nws tau npaj los tsim cov neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab mob-dawb hauv cov nyiaj ntawm 7,5 txhiab tons ntawm 34 ntau yam uas xav tau tshaj plaws thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Raws li kev xam pom nyob rau hauv Table 1, txhawm rau kom loj hlob lub ntim ntim ntawm super-superelite los ntawm cov khoom siv meristem siv cov txheej txheem nrawm nrawm hauv tsev cog khoom ntawm NIIKH, 1,2 txhiab tubers tau loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 400 hectares, sau txhua xyoo. cog rau hauv ib lub hnab cais. Cov khoom siv tau raug xa mus rau qhov chaw sim tsim khoom ntawm lub koom haum, qhov chaw uas lawv tau cog rau hauv cov chaw zov me nyuam - ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 8 hectares nrog kev coj ua nruj me ntsis ntawm cov qauv tsim ntawm kev sib cais ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus 0,5 km los ntawm kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov chav kawm qis. ntawm noob qos yaj ywm. Thaum lub caij cog qoob loo, tag nrho cov kev ntsuas agrotechnical thiab phytosanitary tsim nyog tau ua nrog kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb hauv thaj chaw sib cais.
Qhov tshwm sim ua ke cov khoom siv clone nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 160 tons tau faib rau 24 lub teb tshwj xeeb nrog lub chaw soj nstuam rau thawj cov noob qoob loo (ntawm tus nqi ntawm 2 tons rau kev tsim khoom ntawm txhua 100 tons ntawm super-super-elite). Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam rau kev yug me nyuam ua ntej hauv cov liaj teb tshwj xeeb rau thawj cov noob qoob loo yog 40 hectares, uas tau txais 800 tons ntawm cov noob qoob loo. Xyoo tom qab, cov khoom no tau cog rau ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 200 hectares hauv chaw zov me nyuam thiab 3000 tons ntawm tubers tau txais, uas tau siv rau xyoo tom ntej rau cog rau ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 750 ha thiab tau txais 7500 tons ntawm super. -super elite standard noob feem (Table 1).
Table 1. Lub koom haum ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm NIIKH rau kev ua liaj ua teb tshwj xeeb rau thawj cov noob qoob loo (Trofimets, Anisimov, Litun, 1978)
Kev ntim ntau lawm | |||
Hom hauj lwm | Cov neeg ua yeeb yam | Qhov chaw tsaws, ha | |
Tau txais meristem clones hauv chav kuaj tsev cog khoom tej yam kev mob | Chaw kuaj xyuas kom tau txais cov khoom siv tsis muaj kab mob hauv NIIKH Laboratory rau kev ua kom rov ua tau sai thiab kev sim teb cov khoom siv clone tsis muaj kab mob ntawm lub koom haum | 1,2 | 400 txhiab tubers |
Teb xeem clonal khoom nrog daim ntawv thov txoj kev tuberous units | Lub chaw soj nstuam rau kev ua kom rov ua dua tshiab rau kev sim teb cov khoom siv clonal tsis muaj kab mob ntawm lub koom haum OPH | 8 | 160 t |
ua ntej sib sau ua ke clones los ntawm daim ntawv thov txoj kev tuberous units | Kev ua liaj ua teb tshwj xeeb rau thawj cov noob qoob loo PNO "Rossemkartofel" | 40 | 800 t |
Luam khoom | Tib yam | 200 | 3000 t |
Sau qoob super cov neeg tseem ceeb | 750 | 7500 t |
Raws li NIIKH, thaum loj hlob super-super-elite raws li lub tswv yim ntawm centralized zus tau tej cov kab mob-dawb qhov chaw cov ntaub ntawv, vim kev txhim kho zoo, cov tawm los nyob rau hauv cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab nws reproductions nce nyob rau hauv nruab nrab rau tag nrho cov xeem ntau yam los ntawm 20-25%. .
Txij li thaum xyoo 90, nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev hloov kho tsis tu ncua hauv kev lag luam agro-industrial complex, qee qhov tshwj xeeb ua liaj ua teb rau thawj cov noob qoob loo thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb ua liaj ua teb tau tso tseg, thiab qhov ntim ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cov neeg tseem ceeb tau txo qis, uas cuam tshuam loj heev thiab. Feem ntau cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv txhua lub sijhawm thiab kev hloov pauv cov qos yaj ywm tsis tu ncua hauv kev sib txuas nrog qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov noob ntawm ntau dua kev ua liaj ua teb nrog kev lag luam ntawm cov qos yaj ywm. Tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 90, cov qos yaj ywm cov noob qoob loo hauv tebchaws Russia maj mam pib tsim los ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo raws li kev cai lij choj thiab kev tswj hwm tsim los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd hauv kev yug me nyuam thiab cov noob qoob loo ntawm cov nroj tsuag ua liaj ua teb (Malko , Anisimov et al., 2003).
Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev saib xyuas zoo tau them rau kev txhim kho thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm hauv kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev lees paub ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm, suav nrog cov kev paub dhau los ntawm cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom zoo dua cov kev cai tswj hwm rau kev lag luam zoo ntawm ntau pawg ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm hauv kev coj ntawm lawv cov kev sib koom ua ke thiab kwv yees rau cov kev cai niaj hnub thoob ntiaj teb pom zoo (Anisimov, 1999; Anisimov, 2005; Simakov, Anisimov, 2006, 2007). )
Tom qab kev taw qhia ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj Ntau Lawm (1997) hauv Lavxias Federation, ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm faib cov txheej txheem tau tsim, suav nrog peb pawg ntawm cov khoom siv noob: mini-tubers thiab super-super elite noob qos yaj ywm (thib ob tiam) tsim. los ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm ntau yam los yog ib tug neeg tau tso cai los ntawm nws thiab npaj rau zus tau tej cov elite noob qos yaj ywm.
Cov neeg tseem ceeb noob qos yaj ywm: noob qos yaj ywm (super elite, cov neeg tseem ceeb) tau los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm.
Kev cog qoob loo noob qos yaj ywm: noob qos yaj ywm (1-2 reproductions) tau los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb noob qos yaj ywm.
Kev sib piv ntawm kev faib cov tshuab tau txais kev pom zoo nyob rau hauv Russia thiab EU lub teb chaws qhia tau hais tias qeb ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm thawj zaug tuaj yeem sib npaug nrog cov qeb ntawm cov qos yaj ywm ua ntej (PB). Raws li, qeb ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb noob qos yaj ywm muaj peev xwm sib npaug rau qeb ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm (chav kawm SE thiab E) thiab qeb ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm tau muab piv rau qeb ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm (chav A 1-2). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaum sib piv cov khoom sib piv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau tiam ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm hauv Lavxias Federation thiab EU lub teb chaws, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tuaj yeem pom meej (Table 2).
Table 2. Kev sib piv ntawm cov sib piv ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov tiam neeg nyob hauv Lavxias Federation thiab EU lub teb chaws
Noob qos | Ntau tiam neeg | Kev tsim |
Lavxias teb sab kev faib system | ||
Original (OS) | 2 | PP-1 thiab SSE |
Cov neeg tseem ceeb (ES) | 2 | SE thiab E |
Kev yug me nyuam (RS) Tag nrho tiam | 2 6 | RS1-2 |
Kev faib tawm hauv EU lub teb chaws | ||
Lub hauv paus ntawm Prebaseline Ntawv pov thawj | 4 3 2 | PB – PB 4 S, SE, E A1 – A2 |
Tag nrho tiam | 9 |
Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab kev faib system rau noob qos yaj ywm raws li GOST 33996-2016 "Cov noob qos yaj ywm. Specifications and Methods for Determining Quality” qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tiam yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 6 theem yug me nyuam, suav nrog rau qeb OS - 2, ES - 2 thiab RS - 2 tiam. Hauv EU lub teb chaws, raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm European Seed Association (ESA), qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 9 tiam neeg raug tso cai, suav nrog hauv qeb ntawm cov noob prebasic - 4, theem pib - 3 thiab ntawv pov thawj - 2 tiam (Anisimov, 2007) ; Simakov, Anisimov 2008).
Hauv kev pom dav dav, cov tswv yim niaj hnub ntawm cov theem ua tiav ntawm kev tsim cov thawj, cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov noob qos yaj ywm raug muab tso rau hauv daim duab 8.
Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm cov qauv niaj hnub ntawm kev tsim cov noob qoob loo nthuav tawm hauv daim duab yog tias tag nrho peb ntawm nws cov txheej txheem thaiv ntawm cov theem ua tiav ntawm kev tsim cov thawj, cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov noob qos yaj ywm yog inextricably txuas los ntawm kev sib txuas ncaj qha. Qhov no qhib lub sijhawm tshiab tiag tiag rau kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev koom tes ntawm txhua lub koom haum koom nrog, suav nrog cov koom haum tshwj xeeb tshawb fawb thiab cov qauv kev lag luam.
Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no, kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov qos yaj ywm loj yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev muab cov qos yaj ywm cog qoob loo, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb (ua liaj ua teb) cov lag luam thiab cov neeg ua lag luam nrog cov noob qoob loo zoo ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv cov chav kawm thiab ntau dua kev tsim tawm. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nce nyob rau hauv ntau lawm volumes thiab ib tug radical nce nyob rau hauv qhov zoo ntawm cov thawj thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb noob qos yaj ywm yog ua ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ruaj khov thiab muaj txiaj ntsim kev tswj ntawm qos yaj ywm kev lag luam.
Qhov xwm txheej tam sim no nrog kev siv cov peev txheej uas twb muaj lawm ntawm cov qos yaj ywm hauv tsev yuav tsum muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv noob. Yog li, kev siv cov kev ntsuas zoo los kho cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cov noob qoob loo thiab tsim cov txheej txheem tsim nyog rau kev xaiv thiab cov chaw tsim cov noob tau dhau los ua ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm hauv Russia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua tiav ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis (KSTP) tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Subprogram "Kev Tsim Kho Kev Xaiv thiab cov noob qoob loo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm" ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Txhim Kho Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb rau 2017- 2030 yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Kev ua tiav ntawm kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam no nyob rau yav tom ntej yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm kev lag luam, ua kom ruaj khov tag nrho cov qos yaj ywm ntau lawm, tsim kom muaj kev lag luam niaj hnub rau kev txhawb nqa ntau yam zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm Lavxias teb sab originators mus rau kev lag luam, txo cov ntshuam dependence thiab kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov hauv Russia.