Kev Kawm Txuj Ci
Alexander Kuznetsov, tus thawj coj ntawm Ustyuzhensky Qos yaj ywm SPSK
Alexander Hyutti, tus neeg sib tw ntawm Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher, Sector "Fungal, Viral, Mycoplasma thiab Nematode Diseases of Potato and Vegetable Crops" Federal State Budgetary Institution All-Lavxias Research Institute of Plant Protection.
Ib qho kev phom sij tshaj plaws ntawm qos yaj ywm kab mob yog rhizoctonia blight, los yog "dub scab," tshwm sim los ntawm fungus Rhizoctonia solani JG. Kuhn nyob rau hauv lub imperfect mycelial theem. Lub ntsiab txaus ntshai ntawm rhizoctoniosis yog txuam nrog nws cov yam ntxwv lom thiab lub neej voj voog, uas tso cai rau cov fungus ua tiav kev sib ntaus sib tua rau lub neej, nrog rau muaj zog adaptive muaj peev xwm, muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb anastomotic pab pawg neeg resistant rau ib co ntawm cov niaj hnub fungicides, ntau yam. ntawm cov nroj tsuag cuam tshuam thiab cov kab mob sib kis uas khaws nws txoj kev vam meej hauv cov av rau ntau xyoo.
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KEV NTSEEG VAJTSWV
Lub evolutionary tivthaiv ntawm tus kab mob yog xws li hais tias rhizoctonia raws li ib tug pathogen yog haum rau tag nrho cov theem ntawm ontogenesis ntawm tus tswv tsev cog thiab muaj peev xwm pib nws txoj kev loj hlob nrog rau thaum pib ntawm qos loj hlob. Ntau yam kab mob ntawm rhizoctonia, nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si hauv av thiab nyob rau saum npoo ntawm tuber (feem ntau) los yog hauv cov qos yaj ywm nws tus kheej (daim ntawv latent), germinate thiab kis cov nroj tsuag ib txhij nrog cov tsos ntawm sprouts, nyob rau hauv lub cawv ntawm diffusates. tso rau hauv av.
Cov fungus cuam tshuam tag nrho cov kab mob hauv av ntawm qos yaj ywm: keeb kwm, stolons, qhov muag, sprouts, cag dab tshos, qhov chaw ntawm stems nyob rau hauv cov av, tubers, raws li zoo raws li saum toj no-av ib feem ntawm stems ntawm cov av nto. Cov tsos mob yog qhov dav: rwj ntawm txhua qhov hauv av thiab sab saud hauv av ntawm ntau yam duab thiab xim (los ntawm lub teeb mus rau tsaus xim av, qee zaum dub), ob qho tib si ntub thiab qhuav; tsis muaj xim mycelium nyob rau saum npoo ntawm tuber los yog nws cov sclerotial compaction, uas yog interweaving ntawm fungal mycelium los ntawm tsaus xim av mus rau dub, nrog rau ntau yam kab nrib pleb, mesh necrosis.
Nyob rau saum toj-hauv av ntawm stems, ze rau lawv lub hauv paus, ib tug dawb mycelium condensation "dawb ceg" yog tsim - lub theem ntawm kev sib deev ntawm cov fungus, ua rau tsim ntawm spores uas yuav kis tau cov tub ntxhais hluas tubers. Vim yog kev puas tsuaj rau cov hlab ntsha, qhov saum toj-hauv av ntawm cov nroj tsuag kuj raug kev txom nyem: poob ntawm turgor thiab wilting, curling ntawm nplooj nyob rau hauv ib tug "nkoj" nrog rau tau txais ib tug liab doog xim, tsim ntawm aerial tubers, qhia. txuas ntxiv pathogenesis nyob rau hauv underground ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum kawg, muaj ib tug meej nyiam mus rau tsim ib tug "dawb ceg" tsis nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub caij loj hlob, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm tag nrho cov qos yaj ywm germination. Tib yam yog pom rau daim ntawv ulcerative ntawm tubers. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no yog dav thiab feem ntau displaces lwm yam zoo-paub tsos mob - dub sclerotia. Qhov phom sij ntawm daim ntawv ulcerative yog nyob rau hauv nws qhov ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau ntxiv, kev puas tsuaj loj hauv cov qos yaj ywm zoo, kev nyuaj rau kev kuaj mob thiab nws qhov tsis muaj nyob rau hauv GOST 33996-2016 tshiab "Cov noob qos yaj ywm. Cov xwm txheej thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab zoo ", uas tau pib siv thaum Lub Ib Hlis 01, 2018, uas yog ib feem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv tsis tau kis tus kabmob.
Qhov teeb meem ntawm tus kab mob feem ntau cuam tshuam rau kev cog qoob loo zoo: cov tubers cuam tshuam ib feem lossis tag nrho lawv cov peev txheej germination, ua rau poob loj ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv thaj teb, tsawg stems, txo kom zoo ntawm cov qoob loo tshiab, thiab poob los ntawm cov kab mob rhizoctonia tuaj yeem. sib txawv thiab thaj tsam ntawm 10-20 txog 40%.
Yog li, rhizoctoniosis (raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov teeb meem ua rau muaj kev phom sij, nce aggressiveness thiab virulence, phenomenal adaptability) raug xaiv los ua ib qho kev sim khoom hauv kev tshawb fawb txog cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau nws, suav nrog hauv "Cov npe tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj agrochemicals pom zoo siv. rau 2018" thiab nthuav tawm ntawm kev lag luam Lavxias.
Cov npe ntawm cov dej num ntawm kev sim technology suav nrog tsis yog tsuas yog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm rhizoctonia, tab sis kuj tseem saib xyuas lub sijhawm ntev (tsawg kawg peb xyoos ntawm kev kawm txog kab mob: kab mob - cog - tshuaj tua kab mob) ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm cov qos yaj ywm. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob, tawm los: kom muaj nuj nqis thiab zoo ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm, kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm nws lub txee lub neej thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg-lub caij ntuj no cia, nrog rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab teeb meem ntawm lwm yam kab mob, thiab lwm yam.
Cov kev paub txog cov nroj tsuag tau muab tso rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb ntawm Burov LLC (Vologda cheeb tsam, Ustyuzhensky koog tsev kawm ntawv). Kev nyab xeeb ntawm thaj av yog nruab nrab continental, tag nrho cov nag lossis daus txhua xyoo yog 500 hli, cov xuab zeb loam av predominate. Thaum lub caij cog qoob loo txij lub Tsib Hlis mus txog Lub Cuaj Hli 2018, qhov nruab nrab huab cua kub nyob ntawm 13,3 txog 18,5 ° C; Cov av noo tau sau tseg ntawm qib ntawm 64 txog 83%; cov nag lossis daus yog li ntawm 25,9 txog 103,7 hli. Ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv no, thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb tau lees paub tias yog qhov chaw sim zoo tshaj plaws rau kev sim kev siv thev naus laus zis, txij li rhizoctonia nyiam qhov kub thiab av noo.
Thaum lub sij hawm sim, cov qos yaj ywm ntau yam Labadia, pawg neeg tseem ceeb, tau siv. Cov ntau yam tau xaiv raws li kev siv ntau yam raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau yam: nruab nrab-thaum ntxov, nrog lub teeb daj ntawm daim tawv nqaij (ntau dua qhov pom ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob), kev siv lub rooj, nrog cov txiaj ntsig ruaj khov, haum rau txhua hom. av, susceptible rau rhizoctonia.
Kev pom zoo ntawm Labadiya ntau yam rau kev ua raws li cov kev ntsuas (tshwj xeeb, xws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kab mob, kab mob, fungal thiab nematode kab mob) tau ua raws li GOST 33996-2016 tshiab "Cov noob qos yaj ywm. Cov xwm txheej thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab zoo. " Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txheeb xyuas, cov khoom siv rau cog tau ntsib txhua tus qauv kev ntsuas thiab pom tias tsis muaj kab mob, tshwj xeeb, rhizoctonia.
Cov kev paub txog kev tsim khoom siv tau suav nrog 12 lub tswv yim siv cov kab niaj hnub ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob suav nrog hauv "Cov npe tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj agrochemicals pom zoo siv rau xyoo 2018" thiab nthuav tawm hauv khw Lavxias (Table 1).
Table 3. Cov ntsuas tau zoo (kev ua lag luam): tawm los, qhov hnyav thiab feem ntau raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim teb sim tshuaj tiv thaiv qos yaj ywm rhizoctonia - Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn
Kev npaj ntawm qhov kev sim, teeb tsa qhov kev sim, ua qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg tom ntej ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau ua raws li cov lus qhia tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm All-Lavxias Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg "Cov lus qhia rau kev sim thev naus laus zis ntawm fungicides hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, 2009". Kev tsim cov phiaj xwm kev sim tau ua tiav, nyob rau hauv plaub zaug rov ua dua, tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los. Cov qauv coj mus rau hauv tus account tau muab los ntawm cov cim cim (10 m2, 30 nroj tsuag txhua), ntawm ib hnub los ntawm txhua daim phiaj, feem.
Tuber hnav khaub ncaws tau ua nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom siv Grimme GL 34T qos yaj ywm cog nrog kab sib nrug ntawm 75 cm. av.
Cov kev tshawb fawb tau hais txog peb theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho qos yaj ywm, zoo rau kev kuaj mob thiab kawm cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob ntawm rhizoctonia: tag nrho cov germination (qhov siab ntawm 5 mus rau 15 cm), tag nrho flowering thiab budding theem, nrog rau lub caij ntawm qos yaj ywm sau ( xam ntawm kev lag luam zoo ntawm qos yaj ywm: tawm los, hnyav thiab factionalism).
Thawj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim tshuaj tua kab mob tau pom (Table 2) tias nyob rau hauv thawj daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas (tag nrho cov germination theem), cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws tau pom los ntawm kev tswj tsis tau, kev puas tsuaj rau cov sprouts uas tsawg dua nyob rau hauv tag nrho lwm yam kev hloov ntawm cov kuaj tshuaj tua kab mob.
Cov kev sim nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev sim sib txawv, cov kab mob ntawm cov sprouts tsis sib xws thiab muaj ntau tshaj li 10% ntawm tag nrho cov chaw nyob.
Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob (flowering theem) thiab thib peb (budding theem) kev soj ntsuam, lub zog ntawm cov kev tswj tsis kho nyob rau tib theem: qhov tshwm sim ntawm qos sprouts thiab stolons nrog rhizoctonia yog tsawg los yog nyob rau theem ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob.
Xws li cov cim qhia tau hais tias cov noob tubers cog rau hauv av thiab tsis muaj kab mob rhizoctonia raws li GOST 33996-2016, tsis muaj kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev txhim kho tag nrho, tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab vim muaj tshuaj lom neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab yog li qhia tau hais tias qhov tshwm sim zoo dua los yog piv rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tuaj yeem tiv tau ("tawm mus") los ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj nyob hauv av.
Raws li tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm peb qhov kev ntsuam xyuas (Table 2) thiab thaum lub sij hawm qos yaj ywm sau (Table 3), scheme No. 4 sawv tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob: qhov kawg tawm los thiab kev lag luam zoo tshaj plaws.
Kev lag luam hauv cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev kis kab mob (kev nthuav dav thiab kev loj hlob ntawm rhizoctonia ntawm sprouts thiab stolons) nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tua kab mob, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau kev tswj tsis kho, yog to taub thiab yog ib tug indisputable qhov tseeb: kev siv cov tshuaj ua rau ib tug ncua kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas nyob rau hauv lem txo lawv cov kev tiv thaiv thiab ua rau muaj mob hnyav ntau nrog cov kab mob, nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv rhizoctoniasis. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias daim duab no yog qhov zoo rau qhov kev sim no siv cov khoom cog pom tias tsis muaj kab mob rhizoctonia raws li GOST 33996-2016. Yog hais tias muaj kab mob, nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv los yog lwm yam, nyob rau hauv lub noob qos yaj ywm (txawm tias cov uas tsis poob raws li GOST 33996-2016), qhov tshwm sim yuav diametrically opposite.
Yog li, kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo tshaj plaws, siv cov piv txwv ntawm kev xaiv No. 4, yog qhov ncaj ncees thiab cuam tshuam feem ntau xws li cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li tawm los thiab kev ua lag luam, uas yog cov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov noob qos yaj ywm tseem ceeb.
Los ntawm Tus Kws Kho Mob: Peb nyiam cov neeg nyeem uas cov ntaub ntawv no muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub caij loj hlob hauv thawj xyoo ntawm kev sim. Hauv qhov teeb meem tom ntej ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm peb yuav tshaj tawm zaj dab neeg txuas ntxiv: tsab xov xwm yuav suav nrog kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tau txais ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev khaws cia hauv lub caij 2018/2019, nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm xyoo thib ob ntawm lub xyoo. kawm.