Kev tsim thiab tswj kom zoo zoo ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm tuber thaum lub sij hawm ntev cia yog qhov tseem ceeb los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev lag luam qos yaj ywm, raws li ntxuav thiab ntim cov qos yaj ywm ua lag luam niaj hnub. Qos yaj ywm xws li cov tawv nqaij tsis zoo los yog tsis sib xws ntawm cov tawv nqaij thiab cov tsos mob yog ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb thiab tsis txaus siab rau kev lag luam yuav raug tsis lees paub lossis txo qis. Tau kawg, muaj lwm yam teeb meem tev cuam tshuam nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm ntau cov kab mob thiab kev tsis haum xeeb (netting, greening, overgrown lentils, tawg, mechanical puas), tab sis tsab xov xwm no tsuas yog tham ncaj qha txog ntuj tev thiab muaj peev xwm txhim kho nws. mob.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb, tev los yog cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm ib tug qos tuber yog sau ua ke hu ua periderm. Lub periderm yog txheej tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlwb uas txo cov dej poob los ntawm cov kab mob parenchyma hauv qab thiab muab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab mob hauv av. Lub periderm muaj peb hom hlwb: phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium) thiab phelloderm (Fig. 1). Lo lus "tev" qee zaum siv los xa mus rau tag nrho periderm, thiab qee zaum xa mus rau phellem nkaus xwb.
Lub phellem los yog ntsaws yog cov ntaub so ntswg sab nraud ntawm periderm, uas tiv thaiv dej poob, muaj zog txhua yam thiab ua haujlwm zoo rau cov kab mob pathogenic thiab fungi. Cov hlwb ntawm phellem muaj cov duab ntawm kwv yees li "cib" thiab haum nruj rau ib leeg yam tsis muaj qhov sib txuas. Cov qos yaj ywm periderm ntawm ntau yam yog 7-18 cell txheej nrog tag nrho cov tuab ntawm 100 -200 microns. Los ntawm fluorescence thiab staining nrog dyes xws li berberine, lub phellem tau yooj yim qhia tau tias nplua nuj nyob rau hauv suberin, thiab qhov no kom meej meej distinguishes lub phellem cell los ntawm lub hauv paus cell txheej. Suberin yog hydrophobic polymer uas muaj phenolic thiab aliphatic tebchaw cross-linked nrog glycerol thiab nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm cov thawj phab ntsa thiab cov plasmalemma. Cov hlwb suberated tau ntim nrog huab cua thiab yog li muab thermal rwb thaiv tsev, cov phab ntsa suberated tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob (mechanically thiab chemically), thiab wax deposits uas yog embedded nyob rau hauv lub suberin tiv thaiv cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm ziab tawm.
Ntxiv rau suberin, qos yaj ywm tuber periderm muaj ntau lwm yam tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog antioxidant, antibacterial thiab insecticidal zog. Cov tshuaj no tej zaum yuav yog cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm suberin biosynthesis lossis ywj siab tiv thaiv metabolites. Cov metabolites muaj xws li cov uas tsis yog-polar waxes, saturated thiab unsaturated fatty acids, saturated dicarboxylic acids, monoacylglycerols, 1-alkanols, n-alkanes, sterols thiab polyphenols, quinic acid, phenolicamines, phenolic acids, flavonoids, chalkalanoide, flavonoids glycosol. solatriose thiab lwm yam), saponins, polyamines (putrescine, spermine thiab spermidine derivatives), nrog rau methylprotodioscin thiab protodioscin.
Kev tsim ntawm ntuj ( haiv neeg) qos yaj ywm tev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb theem: 1- pib ntawm periderm - cambial phellogen yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm subepidermal hlwb; 2- kev loj hlob ntawm tsis paub qab hau periderm - nquag phellogen ntxiv txheej txheej ntawm daim tawv nqaij mus rau lub tuber expanding; Kev faib phellogen yog qhov tsis yooj yim thiab muaj kev puas tsuaj, uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev sib cais ntawm daim tawv nqaij los ntawm lub hauv paus tuber pulp thiab cov nqi tsim khoom ntawm cov tawv nqaij puas; 3- maturation ntawm periderm - lub tuber tsis loj hlob nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub caij loj hlob, lub tshiab ntawm daim tawv nqaij tsis tas yuav tsum tau, thiab phellogen ua inactive. Yog li ntawd, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ua rau lub tuber pulp (parenchyma) nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem hu ua qhov chaw, ripening, thiab stabilizing lub tev (Daim duab 2).
Qos yaj ywm tuber yog ib tug hloov qia uas pib sib txawv raws li ib tug o ntawm internode nyob ze ntawm lub apical bud ntawm lub stolon. Lub txheej txheej ntawm stolon yog lub epidermis, uas tau dav tawg stomata. Thaum lub tuber tseem hluas heev, lub epidermis twb hloov los ntawm periderm, uas pib thaum kawg ntawm lub qia ntawm cov tuber tsim thiab sai sai kis mus rau tag nrho cov nto. Lub periderm ua tiav thaum lub tuber ncav cuag qhov loj ntawm pea. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv periderm, cov hlwb ncaj qha hauv qab qhov chaw ntawm lub stomata nquag faib thiab tsim cov lentils. Thaum lub sij hawm tuber loj hlob thiab periderm txoj kev loj hlob, phellogen yog ib tug active lateral meristem. Phellogen hlwb faib thiab cov hlwb tshiab nyob rau sab nraud ntawm tuber ua phelleme hlwb. Kev tsim cov phellem hlwb los ntawm phellogen thiab poob ntawm phellem hlwb los ntawm exfoliation ntawm tuber nto yog nyob rau hauv kwv yees li equilibrium raws li tuber hlob. Phelloderm kuj los ntawm phellogen.
Cov ntu ntu ntu tau stained nrog hematoxylin thiab saib hauv lub teeb tsom iav (sab laug vaj huam sib luag) thiab ultraviolet microscope (txoj cai vaj huam sib luag, dub keeb kwm yav dhau) los tshuaj xyuas cov morphology ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cell nuclei, thiab autofluorescence ntawm suberized cell phab ntsa, feem. (A) Periderm pib-subepidermal hlwb raug dedifferentiation los tsim phellogen pib (Phg) (circled), uas ua raws cov phellemcellae (cov hlwb dawb). (B) Kev loj hlob tsis zoo ntawm epidermal-phellogen tseem ua haujlwm thiab ntxiv cov hlwb ntxiv (Ph) rau cov tuber nthuav dav. Daim duab loj (2,5x magnification) qhia cov hlwb sib cais ntawm ob lub hlwb (cov xub liab). Cov phab ntsa ntawm tes yog qhov ua rau kev puas tsuaj, uas ua rau kev sib cais ntawm cov tawv nqaij tsis paub qab hau los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tuber. (C) periderm maturation - tom qab tshem tawm cov nplooj los yog cov nroj tsuag senescence, tuber kev loj hlob nres, cell phellogen nres, thiab ib tug stabilization txheej txheem yog induced. Cov txheej phellogen tsis pom nyob rau theem maturation. Scale bars: 200 µm.
Thaum cov qos yaj ywm tev tsis tiav, nws raug puas tsuaj (sib cais) los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov khoom ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab, pob zeb, pob zeb, cov tubers poob, thiab lwm yam. Cov kev puas tsuaj no kho tau vim qhov tsim ntawm lub qhov txhab periderm (duab 3). Haiv neeg thiab qhov txhab periderms zoo sib xws ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg keeb kwm, qauv thiab morphology, tab sis txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem saturation thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pectin thiab anthocyanin. Tsis tas li ntawd, suberin ntawm lub qhov txhab periderm yog enriched nyob rau hauv waxy alkyl ferulates thiab yog permeable rau dej. Tsis pub dhau 1-3 hnub, ib txheej txheej yog tsim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw puas, nyob rau hauv uas cov phab ntsa ntawm qhib hlwb ntawm tuber parenchyma undergo lignification / suberization. Hnub thib 3, cov rudiments ntawm phellogen ua pom tau, thiab txhua kab ntawm cov phellem tshiab tau pom meej meej hauv qab txheej txheej. Txij hnub tim 4, cov tshiab tsim phellem undergoes suberization ntawm txheej txheej sab hauv, thiab nyob rau hnub 8, suberized txheej ntawm phellem ua flattened thiab compacted, uas qhia tau hais tias maturation ntawm lub qhov txhab periderm.
Ib ntus nce hauv auxin thiab lipid hydroxyperoxide qib 20-30 feeb tom qab qhov txhab pib tshwm sim cytological uas ua rau lub qhov txhab periderm tsim. Qib ntawm abscisic acid, ethylene, thiab jasmonic acid kuj tseem nce ntxiv sai sai tom qab qhov txhab thiab ua ntej periderm tsim. Qhov mob-induced periderm tsim tshwm sim sai tshaj plaws ntawm 20-25 ° C, ncua ntawm qhov kub qis (10-15 ° C), thiab inhibited ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 35 ° C, ntawm O concentrations.2 tsawg dua 1% thiab kub 15 ° C lossis siab dua. Kev sib xyaw ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, oxygen concentration thiab txheeb ze av noo yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo raws li lub cev lub cev ntawm cov tubers kom kaw cov ntaub so ntswg sab hauv kom sai li sai tau thiab tiv thaiv cov kab mob nkag mus thiab dej poob.
Kev txhim kho ntawm daim tawv nqaij tsis zoo, ua rau cov tawv nqaij ua kom tawv nqaij ua kom tawv nqaij (duab 3B), feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev loj hlob tsis zoo. Cov kab mob physiological no tsis yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob. Cov xim liab-xim av tuaj yeem yog cov caj ces, xws li hauv cov neeg Asmeskas paub zoo Russet Burbank. Tubers nrog reddish-xim av ntawm daim tawv nqaij muaj ib tug thicker txheej ntawm phellem tshaj qos yaj ywm nrog du daim tawv nqaij, thiab rau cov kev kawm ntau yam yog ib qho tseem ceeb feature, txij li thaum lub thicker ntawm daim tawv nqaij, lub sab hauv kev puas tsuaj rau tubers, lub marketability ntawm cov qoob loo ntau dua. Lub zonal buildup ntawm phellem cell txheej tej zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev nce phellogen kev ua ub no, piv txwv li, los ntawm cov av kub los yog muaj zog cohesion ntawm cov phellem cell uas nyob ib sab kom lawv tsis flake tawm thaum lub sij hawm tuber txoj kev loj hlob. Nws kuj tseem yog vim muaj kev nce suberization lossis nce pectin thiab hemicellulose cov ntsiab lus. Raws li lub tuber nthuav dav thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob, cov tawv nqaij tawv tawg, uas ua rau muaj xim liab los yog xim liab-xim av.
Cov algorithms thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qos yaj ywm ntawm daim tawv nqaij tsim hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv txawv heev. Kev tsim ntawm haiv neeg thiab qhov txhab periderm ntawm qos yaj ywm tau kawm rau ntau xyoo lawm thiab lub ntsiab xim tau them rau qhov xwm ntawm suberization ntawm phellem cell phab ntsa, i.e. cov txheej txheem uas muab cov periderm nws cov yam ntxwv tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum dhau los, cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm tev tsim tau nquag kawm, cov noob caj noob ces ntawm qee yam xim tev thiab ntau cov qauv tau txheeb xyuas. Kev vam meej tau ua tiav hauv kev hloov cov tawv nqaij xim ntawm cov qos yaj ywm paub ntau yam los ntawm kev qhia cov noob xav tau. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem tsis tau nkag siab txog qhov tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem lom neeg thiab muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov ua kom cov phellogen hlwb kom muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau ntawm cov tuber tev thaum lub sij hawm loj hlob los yog kev puas tsuaj thiab inactivation ntawm tib lub hlwb thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tuber ripening thiab teeb tsa ntawm lub tuber tev. zaum kawg peel. Lub periderm tsis paub qab hau muaj ib tug nquag faib phellogen txheej, thiab cov laus periderm (ib txwm ntawm cov qos yaj ywm cia) kuj muaj ib tug phellogen txheej, tab sis nws yog inactive thiab tsis tsim tshiab plug hlwb.
Qhov xwm txheej ntawm qos yaj ywm peels tuaj yeem soj ntsuam ob qho tib si pom thiab los ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj xyuas meej. Feem ntau cov chaw kuaj mob tam sim no siv cov kab kos kom zoo los pab cov neeg ua haujlwm pom kev ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov tubers txheeb ze rau pawg ua ntej. (Ib qho piv txwv ntawm daim duab zoo li no hauv daim duab 4).
Cov kab kos zoo tau siv dav vim tias lawv pheej yig los tsim khoom (thiab feem ntau muab los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom) thiab tuaj yeem siv los cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tswj cov khoom lag luam tau sai thiab yooj yim. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev ntsuam xyuas uas ib tug neeg ua raws li nws qhov kev xav pom yog kev xav thiab raug yuam kev. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, optical scanners tau nquag nkag mus rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev soj ntsuam cov tsos ntawm tubers thiab cov mob ntawm tev. Optical sorting yog cov khoom tsim tau zoo, txog li 100 tons hauv ib teev, thiab ua kom cov khoom zoo tsis tu ncua (24/7) raws li cov txheej txheem tsis raug cai. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm kev siv tshuab no tau nce sai heev. Yog tias 5 xyoo dhau los nws lub peev xwm raug txwv rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov qos yaj ywm ntxuav raws li 3-4 qhov tsis muaj, ces hnub no cov khoom siv kho qhov muag rau 7-8 qhov tsis tau ntxuav cov qos yaj ywm tau tsim tawm (duab 5). Muaj twb muaj kev vam meej nyob rau hauv optical scanning ntawm sub-daim tawv nqaij, sab hauv tsis xws luag ntawm qos yaj ywm.
Txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm tev, koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntsuas gloss lag luam (duab 6). Cov tawv nqaij ci ntsa iab muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau lub teeb, yog li qhov sib txawv ntawm ntau hom lossis cov qos yaj ywm nrog cov tawv nqaij sib txawv raug soj ntsuam digitally. Muaj kev sim tsim cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb rau cov qos yaj ywm, tab sis qhov no tsis ua rau kev tsim khoom loj.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws agronomic yam uas cuam tshuam thiab tuaj yeem siv los txhim kho qos yaj ywm ntawm daim tawv nqaij muaj xws li ntau yam, av zoo nkauj, cog qhov tob, khoom noj khoom haus, av kub, dej ntxhov siab, waterlogging, ntev ntawm lub caij loj hlob thiab tom qab khaws cia kev kho mob regimen.
Tus mob ntawm tev nws txawv heev ntawm ntau yam sib txawv. Qhov sib txawv ntawm ntau yam yog paub zoo nyob rau hauv lub ntim kev lag luam thiab khw muag khoom chains, tab sis lub tev zoo yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam yog tsis txaus standardized. Cov tuam txhab cog qoob loo siv cov lus sib txawv los piav txog cov tawv nqaij ntawm ntau yam. Yav dhau los, lawv tsuas qhia cov xim, qhov tob ntawm lub qhov muag thiab smoothness - lub meshness ntawm tev. Tsis ntev los no, lo lus "daim tawv nqaij tiav" tau dhau los ua ntau dua, tab sis cov txheej txheem rau muab nws rau qib ntawm qhov ntsuas no "tsis zoo - nruab nrab - zoo - zoo" tsis tau luam tawm. Yog li ntawd, qhov tseeb ntawm cov tev ntawm txhua yam hauv cov av tshwj xeeb, kev nyab xeeb thiab thev naus laus zis loj hlob tuaj tsuas yog hauv kev xyaum. Lub sijhawm khaws cia ntawm qhov smoothness ntawm tev txiav txim siab qhov tsim nyog thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv ntau yam rau kev ntxuav thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia tag nrho. Txawm hais tias rau ntau yam kev kawm, tev tawv, tawv tawv yog qhov tsis tuaj yeem lees txais, txij li tus nqi ntawm kev ntxuav thiab pov tseg thaum tu tubers nce.
Av hom cuam tshuam rau kev huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tab sis lub zog ntawm cov av kev ntxhib los mos tsis tau ua kom pom tseeb hauv kev nthuav dav. Tubers loj hlob hauv cov xuab zeb muaj ntau txheej ntawm phellem hlwb tshaj tubers loj hlob hauv humus. Nws paub nyob rau hauv kev lag luam ntim cov tubers loj hlob nyob rau hauv silt los yog av nplaum av muaj zoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij washability tshaj tubers zus nyob rau hauv ntau abrasive sandy xau. Tubers hlob nyob rau hauv peaty av kuj yuav muaj cov tawv nqaij du, tab sis cov tsos ntawm cov tubers yuav muaj xim tsis zoo. Ntawd yog, ntawm tubers loj hlob nyob rau hauv ntau abrasive xau, cork txheej yog thicker, tab sis cov kev ntxhib los mos, smoothness, thiab ci zoo dua nyob rau hauv av nplaum av. Kev cog qoob loo sib sib zog nqus ua rau cov tawv nqaij nyias dua piv rau cov cog ntiav.
Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm high av kub (28-33 ° C), tubers muaj kuj tuab daim tawv nqaij thiab yog heev nquag mus rau darkening thiab network tsim. Hauv ib qho kev sim, qhov tuab ntawm periderm thaum loj hlob ntawm qhov kub ntawm 10,20,30оC yog, feem, 120, 164, 182 µm. Kev ywg dej ntau dhau yog xav tias yuav ua rau kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab dullness, tab sis tsis muaj pov thawj me me los yog tsis muaj pov thawj los txhawb qhov no. Muaj cov ntawv tshaj tawm uas ci ntsa iab ntawm tev yog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub sijhawm los ntawm ziab mus rau sau (piv txwv li luv luv luv luv ua rau cov qos yaj ywm ci ntsa iab).
Kev noj zaub mov kom zoo txo qis qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab txhim kho cov tsos ntawm tev; nws kuj cuam tshuam rau lub thickness ntawm tev, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub. Nws tau raug tsim los ua ke daim ntawv thov ntawm N, P thiab K los yog daim ntawv thov ntawm cov organic chiv nce lub thickness ntawm phellem thiab tag nrho cov thickness ntawm cov phellogen thiab phelloderm piv rau kev siv cov nitrogen ib leeg. Muaj ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm ob qho tib si macro- thiab micronutrients ntawm tev zoo, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov qauv tshwj xeeb tau txheeb xyuas tsuas yog qee qhov khoom noj khoom haus xwb.
Nitrogen. Lub sij hawm thiab tus nqi ntawm cov chiv nitrogen siv tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev puas tsuaj vim qhov cuam tshuam loj rau kev loj hlob. Nitrogen deficiency tuaj yeem ua rau cov qoob loo ntxov ntxov thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau bruising yog tias tubers tau khaws cia rau hauv qhov tuag stems ntev ntev ua ntej sau. Tshaj nitrogen (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lig rau lub caij) ncua kev qoob loo ripening, ua rau txo qis lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tev thiab bruising puas, thiab tsis zoo tev adhesion. Cov neeg cog qos yaj ywm Asmeskas ntseeg hais tias tag nrho tus nqi ntawm nitrogen thov rau cov qos yaj ywm irrigated yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 350 kg ntawm nitrogen ib hectare, thaum nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Lub yim hli ntuj cov ntsiab lus nitrate nyob rau hauv petioles yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 15 qhov chaw ib lab. Kev siv ntau dhau ntawm nitrogen muaj qhov tsis zoo rau kev tsim ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog tias desiccation tau ua nyob rau hauv cov theem thaum ntxov ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob. Feem ntau, kev siv nitrogen ntau dhau ua rau defoliation. Daim ntawv thov nitrogen yuav tsum raug kho raws li qhov xav tau ntev ntawm lub caij. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau ua thaum siv nitrogen ntawm ntau yam uas tsis zoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Phosphorus. Tsis zoo li nitrogen, phosphorus, raws li txoj cai, txhawb nqa lub ripening ntawm tubers, tsim kom muaj zog tev thiab txawm tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm reticulation. Phosphorus yog absorbed los ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm cov hauv paus hniav thaum lub sij hawm nquag loj hlob, yog li phosphorus chiv yuav tsum tau siv ua ntej cog.
Tshuaj Ntshaw nyob rau hauv qos yaj ywm yuav tsum nco ntsoov siv nyob rau hauv qhov pom kev kom muaj nuj nqis thiab piv rau lwm cov as-ham. Yog tias tsis muaj cov poov tshuaj, cov tubers yuav darken cov nqaij tom qab tev. Kev siv ntau dhau ntawm cov poov tshuaj txo qis kev nqus thiab kev loj hlob tag nrho.
Calcium txo susceptibility rau bruises vim nws cov nyhuv ntawm cell phab ntsa zog. Susceptibility rau bruising feem ntau yog qis tshaj thaum tuber calcium concentrations ntau tshaj 200-250 micrograms ib kilogram ntawm qhuav hnyav. Kev nqus tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm calcium tshwm sim thaum ntxiv rau hauv av ua ntej cog.
Sulfur txo cov qib tsis tu ncua thiab powdery scab. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws yog ua tiav los ntawm kev ntxiv cov sulfur rau hauv cov av hauv ib qho yooj yim nkag mus rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cog, tab sis foliar daim ntawv thov ntawm leej faj tuaj yeem txo cov kab mob.
Boron Pab kom ruaj khov calcium hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm tes thiab tseem cuam tshuam rau kev nqus calcium, yog li cov khw muag khoom calcium tseem ceeb los xyuas kom muaj kev noj zaub mov zoo thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm calcium kom tsawg.
Zinc feem ntau yog siv los suppress powdery scab. Tsuas yog nws daim ntawv thov rau cov av kom muaj txiaj ntsig txaus.
Muaj ntau cov pov thawj ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm cov tev nrog kev tsim nyog siv chiv thaum lub caij loj hlob (duab 7). Txawm li cas los xij, cov nyhuv yog ua tiav los ntawm kev txo qis kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob. Tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm qhov ncaj qha cuam tshuam ntawm foliar fertilizing ntawm lub thickness, smoothness, thiab ci ntawm tev. Kev sim nrog cov khoom noj khoom haus nyuaj, piv txwv li, tsis tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem ntawm cov tawv nqaij tawv tawv hauv qee yam hauv tebchaws Askiv.
Diam duab 7. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev txhim kho cov kab mob ntawm tev siv macro- thiab microfertilizers
Lwm yam kev tswj qoob loo uas txhim kho qos yaj ywm tawv nqaij muaj xws li:
• Xaiv cov teb uas zoo fertility, agrochemical parameters thiab av zoo nkauj. Kev cais tawm ntawm thaj chaw uas muaj qhov tsis zoo xws li kab mob, kev tso dej tsis zoo lossis muaj peev xwm khaws dej tsawg;
• Kev siv tag nrho cov peev txheej agro-climatic rau tag nrho cov ripening ntawm tev. Siv cov noob zoo nrog cov kab mob qis dua;
• Kev siv cov tshuaj fungicides, kev npaj microbiological, cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj cov khoom siv noob, thaum cog thiab thaum lub caij cog qoob loo kom txo tau cov kab mob sib kis;
• Kev ywg dej los tiv thaiv lossis txo cov kab mob xws li kab mob khaub thuas;
• desiccation thiab sau raws sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov huab cua zoo kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev thiab kis kab mob;
• Tsis txhob lim tawm tam sim ntawd ua ntej cog qos yaj ywm, vim qhov no ua rau cov tsos mob ntawm scab.
Lub kaw lus ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tuber tawv nqaij los ntawm cov kab mob tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia meej hauv cov qauv ntawm ntu ntawm kab lus no. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab lus loj cais; kev siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua hauv cov qos yaj ywm loj loj. Tab sis nws yuav tsum tau hais qhia tias ntau cov kab mob tev tau zoo tswj tau zoo (rhizoctoniosis, kab mob thiab kab mob txhab nyiaj) thiab ntau yam tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, kev xaiv yog qhov dav, thiab rau ntau yam teeb meem cov peev txheej ntawm cov tshuaj kho mob tsis txaus (anthracnose, powdery). scab, kab mob rot) thiab tsuas muaj ob peb yam zoo molecules.
Cov hauv kev ntxiv rau kev tswj cov kab mob tev yog muab los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshiab - kev npaj microbiological thiab cov tswj kev loj hlob. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, cov tshuaj herbicide 50-D tau dav siv rau ntau tshaj 2,4 xyoo los txhim kho thiab stabilize cov xim ntawm cov tsoos tshuaj ntsuab-skinned qos yaj ywm ntau yam. Cov nyhuv ntawm cov xim saturated yuav kav ntev li ob peb lub hlis, thiab ua tiav qhov kev txo qis ntawm cov kab mob scab (duab 8). Qhov kev npaj siv no suav nrog hauv cov kev cai lij choj rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob 2,4-D:RED POTATOES (Zoo rau kev lag luam tshiab): Daim ntawv thov raws sij hawm ntawm cov khoom no feem ntau txhim kho cov xim liab, pab khaws cia cov xim liab, txhim kho daim tawv nqaij, ua kom cov tuber teeb, thiab txhim kho tuber loj uniformity (tsawg dua jumbos). Cov lus teb cog qoob loo tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm ntau yam, muaj kev ntxhov siab, thiab cov xwm txheej hauv zos. Tham nrog Agricultural Extension Service thiab lwm tus kws pab tswv yim txog qoob loo tsim nyog rau cov lus pom zoo hauv zos. Ntau yam uas muaj xim liab liab feem ntau tau txais txiaj ntsig tsawg dua los ntawm kev kho mob. Siv 1.6 ooj kua dej ntawm cov khoom no rau ib daim acre hauv 5 mus rau 25 nkas loos dej siv hauv av lossis cov khoom siv dav hlau. Qhov tshwj xeeb tshuaj tsuag ntim tau xaiv yuav tsum txaus rau kev npog zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Ua thawj daim ntawv thov thaum qos yaj ywm nyob rau theem ua ntej-bud (kwv yees li 7 mus rau 10 nti siab) thiab ua daim ntawv thib ob txog 10 mus rau 14 hnub tom qab. Tsis txhob tshaj ob daim ntawv thov rau ib qho qoob loo. Tsis txhob sau hauv 45 hnub ntawm kev thov. Daim ntawv thov tsis sib xws, lossis sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj ntxiv, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov qoob loo raug mob.
Feem ntau, cov tsos ntawm peels tsis zoo thaum lub sij hawm cia, yog li qhov zoo ntawm tev thaum nkag mus rau hauv cia yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Yuav kom cov qos yaj ywm muab cov khoom lag luam zoo hauv kev lag luam ntxuav thiab tswj qhov zoo no thoob plaws hauv lawv cov txee lub neej, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov teb agronomy ua tau zoo hauv kev ua tiav cov tawv nqaij zoo tshaj plaws. Nrog rau cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov tev zoo rau ntau tshaj 35 lub lis piam, tab sis tsuas yog tias qhov zoo siab thaum lub sijhawm sau qoob. Ntau yam ntawm tev tiav twb txiav txim siab thaum sau thiab hloov me ntsis hauv kev cia. Qhov no siv rau cov netting, kev loj hlob tawg thiab qee yam kab mob xws li kab mob scab thiab rhizoctonia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tev tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia: gloss, lentil loj, anthracnose, nyiaj thiab powdery scab.
Txhawm rau tswj cov tawv nqaij zoo thaum khaws cia, nws raug nquahu kom tso cov qoob loo kom txias kom sai li sai tau tom qab muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw cia (muab cov tawv nqaij tsis zoo thiab teeb kom nruj txaus thiab ntau yam tsis raug rau cov tawv nqaij pom). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qoob loo yuav tsum tau ventilated nrog cua qhuav thaum lub sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm kev cia kom tshem tawm cov av noo. Sim khaws cov qos yaj ywm ntawm qhov kub qis dua 4,0 ° C.
Qhov saum npoo ntawm tubers feem ntau pom zoo poob nws qhov ci thaum khaws cia. Cov kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb tau pom tias qhov kev puas tsuaj no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov hlwb hauv txheej txheej thaum lub sij hawm cia li thawj ob lub lis piam yog tias cov hlwb poob dej noo thaum lub sij hawm kho. Ib qho kev hloov hauv cov qauv ntawm periderm ua rau roughening ntawm daim tawv nqaij, uas impairs lub ci, thiab daim tawv nqaij ua npub. Cov txheej txheej sab nrauv ntawm cork tev tawm thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia, tab sis tsis hloov los ntawm ib yam dab tsi ntxiv lawm; lub tev ntawm du, ci, ci tuaj yeem ua ntxhib, npub thiab ntxhib (duab 9). kev puas tsuaj thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lub periderm yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam nruj heev.
Kev ua kom zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm khaws cia tseem ceeb, raws li txoj cai, muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev txo cov ci ntawm tev. Tab sis ib tug xov tooj ntawm ntau yam qhia zoo cork mob ntawm ib tug siab tshaj plaws av noo ntawm 98% khaws cia nyob rau hauv cia. Khaws tubers ntawm cov av noo ntawm cov txheeb ze txo cov tuber poob los ntawm 1-2%. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov txog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm noo noo condensation nyob rau hauv cia, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov qoob loo thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov qoob loo muaj ntau zaus ntau dua li qhov ua tau kom poob phaus los ntawm kev ziab. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub phytopathological tej yam kev mob, tswj cov av noo ntawm 90-95% (thiab qhov no yog cov av noo theem uas yog tsim los ntawm kev ua pa ntawm tubers nyob rau hauv lub intertuber qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm tsis muaj qhov cua, piv txwv li, qhov no yog ib tug natural khoom ntawm khaws cia qos yaj ywm) yog pom zoo. . Thiab rau cov khoom siv uas muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob fungal thiab kab mob, nws raug nquahu kom tswj hwm cov av noo ntawm 85-90%, uas yuav tiv thaiv lub cev thiab cov kab mob bacteriological deterioration ntawm cov khoom khaws cia. Lub ci ntawm tev ntawm ntau hom liab deteriorates thaum lub sij hawm ntev cia. Radical sim tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm txheej nrog cling films. Hauv ib qho kev sim, plaub txheej txheej sib txawv tau siv. Alginate-based edible coatings tau txhim kho kev soj ntsuam zoo, tshwj xeeb ntawm cov xim, gloss thiab tag nrho kev lees txais ntawm cov qos yaj ywm liab. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov txheej txheem kho tau zoo txhim kho cov xim ntawm tev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov qauv F1 thiab F2.
Thaum npaj ua ntej muag, nws raug nquahu kom siv cov thev naus laus zis uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau thiab tseem txhim kho cov tsos ntawm tubers. Nruas ntxhua khaub ncaws nrog txhuam txhuam (lawv hu ua polishers, daim duab 11) tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov ci ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tawv nqaij, piv txwv li, qee qhov kev tsis zoo ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev cia khoom tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ntxhua khaub ncaws zoo. kev ncaj ncees ntawm tuber tawv, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lwj ntawm qos yaj ywm. Nws yog ib txwm tsim nyog los soj ntsuam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ntxuav ntawm tuber tawv nqaij thaum hloov mus rau ib pawg tshiab lossis ntau yam thiab kho cov txheej txheem ntxuav. Nyob rau theem no, theem ntawm microbiological kab mob, nrog rau cov dej siv, yuav tsum tau saib xyuas, thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob uas tau pom zoo rau kev lag luam khoom noj yuav tsum tau siv. Txhua tus neeg tseem tab tom sim tiv thaiv thiab tswj xyuas cov kev cai rau kev kho cov qos yaj ywm ntxuav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv hom kev paub.
Kev khaws cia zoo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm peels nyob rau theem ntawm kev thauj mus los thiab kev muag khoom yog ua kom ntseeg tau los ntawm kev siv ntim nrog cov perforation txaus rau qhov cua thiab tsis txhob raug lub teeb ci ntev ntev, uas ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab khaws cov glycoalkoloids. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tawv nqaij thaum cog, khaws cia thiab muag khoom tsim nyog rau kev txiav txim siab cais.
Yog li, lub tev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tiv thaiv ntawm tubers thiab txiav txim siab cov neeg siv khoom ntsuas ntawm qos yaj ywm zoo. Raws li kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom ntxuav thiab ntim khoom loj tuaj, cov kev xav tau rau cov tsos ntawm tubers nce. Muaj ntau cov qauv ntawm kev tsim ntawm ib tug ruaj, du, ci iab cork txheej ntawm lub periderm tau raug txheeb xyuas, tab sis tsis muaj universal system algorithm rau kev tswj cov txheej txheem no. Cov kev xaiv zoo rau kev txhim kho cov kab mob ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tawv nqaij yog xaiv cov ntau yam zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov av ntau yam, siv tag nrho cov peev txheej agroclimatic ntawm lub caij loj hlob, kev tiv thaiv kab mob kev loj hlob, dej ruaj khov, sib npaug thiab ua tiav fertilization nrog macro- thiab microelements, kev siv cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg thiab kev loj hlob regulators, desiccation raws sij hawm, zoo tu thiab tsim nyog thiab meej kev siv ntawm thawj theem ntawm kev cia, zam kev puas tsuaj rau cov neeg kho tshuab, sib tsoo ntawm tubers siv cov khoom tshwj xeeb.
Yees duab 11. Polishing tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws
Sau cov ntaub ntawv: Sergey Banadyev, Tus kws kho mob ntawm Agricultural Sciences, Doc-Gene Technologies