Kazakhstan tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qos yaj ywm hauv Central Asia. Tom qab muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv kev ua liaj ua teb nyob rau xyoo 1990, cov koom pheej tau coj cov kev lag luam me mus rau qib tshiab zoo. Thiab niaj hnub no nws tsis tsuas yog tag nrho muab nws tus kheej nrog qos yaj ywm, tab sis kuj yog ib tug ruaj khov exporter ntawm lawv.
Quantum dhia
Niaj hnub nimno qos yaj ywm loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan (RK) tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 2007 txog 2014. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev tsim khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo tau loj hlob los ntawm kev nce qib ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb.
"Cov qos yaj ywm yog cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb hauv zej zog thiab tseem ceeb heev rau thaj av," piav qhia Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Cov Qos Qos thiab Zaub Zaub ntawm Kazakhstan Kairat Bisetaev - Hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev lag luam thiab cov teeb meem hauv thaj chaw, kab lis kev cai daws teeb meem ntawm kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov ntawm tag nrho lub teb chaws.
Muaj txog 160 lub teb chaws hauv tebchaws uas loj hlob qos yaj ywm ntawm kev lag luam. Tag nrho cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv cov qoob loo xyoo 2023 tau tshaj 36 txhiab hectares. Qhov nruab nrab tawm los rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb me yog 15-25 t / ha, rau cov loj - 30-45 t / ha. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm sub-kev lag luam tswj kom sau tau ob qho tag nrho cov qoob loo hauv ib xyoos, thawj zaug ntawm "kaw" lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thaum lub Rau Hli mus txog Lub Xya Hli suav nrog.
"Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj, ua liaj ua teb tau sau qoob loo ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 205 hectares, yim lub hauv qab cov noob," said agronomist ntawm Agropeasant Dvor TOO. Alexander Matvienko. - Hauv kev sib zog ua kom cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo ntawm cov qoob loo, peb qhia cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Yog li ntawd, hauv qee qhov chaw peb tau txais txog 63 tons ntawm cov khoom ib hectare.
"Thaum pib lub caij, 336 hectares tau faib rau cov qos yaj ywm," hais tias tus thawj coj ntawm Baimyrza Agro-2018 LLP. Maxim Bukaemsky. - Qib qis qis uas peb lub tuam txhab ua raws yog 40 tons ib hectare. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob ntawm lub xyoo, daim duab no tuaj yeem nce mus txog ib thiab ib nrab zaug.
"Lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv cov qoob loo tau nce los ntawm tsib mus rau 500 hectares nyob rau hauv ob xyoo caum, thiab peb yuav tsis tso tseg," hais tias tus thawj coj ntawm Astyk-STEM LLP. Sergei Zvolsky. - Xyoo 2022, lub tuam txhab drip-irrigated tau txais txog 57 tons ntawm qos yaj ywm ib hectar nrog qhov nruab nrab tawm los ntawm 38-40 tons.
"Lub caij no peb tau cog qoob loo ntawm 416 hectares," tus thawj coj ntawm Naydorovskoe LLP txuas ntxiv lub ntsiab lus. Pavel Lushchak. - Kev tu vaj tse loj nyob hauv thaj av feem ntau pib thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 21 thiab xaus peb lub lis piam tom qab. Nyob rau hauv tsawg xyoo, lub sijhawm kawg yog hloov, raws li lub sijhawm no. Vim los nag hnyav, peb pib khawb qos yaj ywm rau lub Cuaj Hlis 43, tab sis qhov nruab nrab cov qoob loo siab dua xyoo tas los: 37 tons ib hectare piv rau XNUMX.
Lub xub pwg nyom
Kwv yees li 10 xyoo dhau los, thawj cov koom haum kev lag luam thiab cov koom haum tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws, uas tau pib tiv thaiv kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog xa cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau lub xeev thiab, nrog rau nws, ua cov kauj ruam tsim nyog los daws cov teeb meem.
"Lub Union ntawm Qos thiab Zaub Growers ntawm Kazakhstan, tsim nyob rau hauv 2008, tau ua tiav tag nrho txij li thaum 2016," hais. Kairat Bisetaev "Txij thaum ntawd los, peb tau muab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab txog lub xeev ntawm kev lag luam hauv kev lag luam rau cov tub ceev xwm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tham uas peb tau tswj hwm los tsim yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntsuas tsis tau pom dua los ntawm kev txhawb nqa hauv xeev. Piv txwv li, kev pab nyiaj ib nrab ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb cov nqi rau kev teeb tsa dej, yuav khoom siv chiv thiab tshuaj tua kab.
Los ntawm 2023, yav dhau los 25 feem pua nyiaj pab rau kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm thiab zaub chaw cia khoom tau nce mus rau 40 feem pua. Yog tias cov chaw tsim khoom tsim cov khoom siv tub yees kom khaws cov khoom los ntawm kev sau qoob loo yav dhau los rau lub caij ntuj sov, nws yuav raug them rau 50% ntawm cov nqi. Kev txhawb nqa hauv xeev yog muab rau cov neeg yuav khoom siv ua liaj ua teb, khoom siv, thiab hauv ntau qhov chaw.
"50% ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov noob ntawm thawj zaug kev yug me nyuam kuj tau txais nyiaj pab," ntxiv Pavel Lushchak. - Tsis tas li ntawd, lub xeev rov qab 75% ntawm tus nqi them rau cov kev pabcuam xa dej uas siv cov tshuab nqa nqa rau kev siv dej.
Muaj peev xwm
Kev lag luam kev lag luam hauv Kazakhstan feem ntau loj hlob qos yaj ywm ntau yam ntawm German thiab Dutch xaiv. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb yuav cov khoom tseem ceeb txawv teb chaws thiab nthuav tawm hauv lawv cov teb mus rau thawj thiab thib ob rov ua dua.
"Cov qoob loo hauv tsev tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog cov neeg European, ua rau lawv qis dua ntawm kev ua lag luam, ua kom zoo, thiab tiv thaiv kab mob," Kuv ntseeg. Kairat Bisetaev - Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau bred rau cov cheeb tsam sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws, txawm hais tias qos yaj ywm yog zus nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws, qhov twg ntau yam nrog rau lub caij loj hlob luv luv yog xav tau.
"Peb tau siv cov noob European tau ntau xyoo tam sim no," lees paub Pavel Lushchak, - tab sis thaum muaj teeb meem nrog logistics pib, lawv cov nqi tau nce siab heev. Yog li ntawd, lub caij no peb coj ib pawg ntawm cov noob los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv rau kev sim, uas, nrog rau kev xa khoom, raug nqi peb ib nrab ntau npaum li cas.
"Lub sijhawm no yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau kev tsim cov noob," hais tias Maxim Bukaemsky. - Xyoo 2021, ntawm kev pib ntawm Kazakhstan Union ntawm Qos thiab Zaub Growers, ib qhov project tau tsim nyob rau hauv uas lub tuam txhab Dutch NAK, nrog rau cov kws tshaj lij Belgian, tshuaj xyuas thaj chaw nrog cov noob qos yaj ywm, piv txwv li, ntawm peb cov liaj teb, hauv kev sim . Qhov no ua rau cov koom pheej muaj lub sijhawm tiag los nce mus rau theem ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom nyob sab Europe.
"Txhua xyoo peb sim cov qos yaj ywm tshiab," hais tias Alexander Matvienko - Peb xaiv rau peb tus kheej cov uas tau khaws cia zoo, qhia tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tsim nyog. Tam sim no peb tab tom xav txog peb qhov kev pab cuam rau kev tsim cov noob qoob loo. Los ntawm kev yuav cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv Tebchaws Europe lossis Russia, peb tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov noob thiab muab kev lag luam hauv tsev nrog cov neeg tseem ceeb.
"Hauv kev xaiv thiab cov noob qoob loo, peb tseem nyob ntawm kev xa khoom," xaus lus Kairat Bisetaev. - Tab sis peb muaj tag nrho cov cib fim rau kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm: kev nyab xeeb ntawm thaj av loj, thaj chaw loj, thaj chaw loj hauv dej. Niaj hnub no, lub Union, ua ke nrog lub koom haum ntawm tsob nroj Biology thiab Biotechnology, nrog nyiaj txiag los ntawm Ministry of Agriculture ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan, tab tom npaj ib tug kev cai lij choj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas yuav tso cai rau kev hloov mus rau ib qho kev soj ntsuam thiab ntawv pov thawj zoo ib yam li cov European ib. Qhov project nrog kev koom tes ntawm NAK, uas twb tau tham txog, yog tsom rau kev tsim cov xwm txheej rau kev koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab Western. Lawv tsuas yog nrhiav cov teb chaws uas lawv tuaj yeem cog cov noob rau muag hauv kev lag luam loj hlob ntawm Asia.
Europe - Asia
Teb, warehouse khoom, khoom siv thiab irrigation machines nyob rau hauv Kazakhstani ua liaj ua teb yog cov European thiab North American ntau lawm.
"Peb cov qos yaj ywm cog," nws hais Kairat Bisetaev, - hais txog cov cuab yeej cuab tam, theem ntawm kev siv tshuab rau kev cog qoob loo thiab khaws cov qoob loo, lawv xyaum tsis qis dua rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb sab hnub poob.
"Muaj peb lub lag luam loj ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov tshuab ua liaj ua teb hauv tebchaws," sau tseg Alexander Matvienko. - Lawv muab ntau yam khoom siv. Txhua lub tshuab thiab cov chav nyob hauv Tshuag, thiab rau qee cov khoom yuav tsum tau xaj ua ntej.
"Thaum yuav cov cuab yeej Western, peb tsom mus rau nws txoj kev ntseeg tau," piav qhia nws qhov kev xaiv Sergey Zvolsky. - Peb sim coj cov tsheb nrog cov haujlwm ntxiv txhawm rau ua kom lawv lub peev xwm tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, peb muaj lub tsheb laij teb uas muaj kev txawj ntse txawj ntse thiab tus kheej-propelled harvester uas tuav tag nrho cov qoob loo.
Nkag mus rau qhov chaw
Lub teb chaws cov liaj teb uas loj hlob qos yaj ywm ntawm kev lag luam nplai yog nruab nrog cov txheej txheem dej niaj hnub.
"Peb siv dej nyab, sau lawv rau ntawm cov rafts tshwj xeeb thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, thaum daus yaj," hais Pavel Lushchak. "Raws li kev ywg dej, peb tswj hwm kom cov qoob loo nce ntau zaus, thiab ib hectare ntawm irrigated teb hloov 30-35 hectares ntawm qhuav av.
"Peb muaj cov twj tso kua mis ncig," nws qhia nws qhov kev paub. Maxim Bukaemsky. - Peb tsis tuaj yeem them nyiaj rau pem hauv ntej vim yog thaj av. Tab sis kev ua haujlwm hauv toj roob hauv pes muaj nws qhov zoo. Qhov no yog qhov peb tau txais kev nkag mus rau qhov chaw dej nyob raws toj roob.
"Hnub no thaj tsam ntawm irrigated av ntawm lub teb yog 600 hectares," piav qhia Alexander Matvienko - tab sis xyoo tom ntej nws yuav nce ntxiv los ntawm 200. Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov no yog qhov txwv, txwv tsis pub thaum lub caij peb yuav tsis muaj dej txaus los ntawm Podlesnenskoye reservoir.
"Qhov teeb meem ntawm dej tsis txaus, ib yam li hauv ntau lub tebchaws, muaj feem cuam tshuam," hais Sergey Zvolsky. "Hauv kev daws nws, peb pib drilling qhov dej thiab pom ntau qhov chaw, qhov twg tam sim no muaj cov reservoirs nrog ntim ntawm 8-10 txhiab cubic meters.
Nres yam
Ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub hom phiaj yog vim li cas cuam tshuam lub realization ntawm lub teb chaws lub peev xwm loj nyob rau hauv qos loj hlob.
"Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tseem yog qhov tsis muaj peev txheej ua haujlwm," hais tias Kairat Bisetaev - Vim li no, tsis yog txhua tus neeg ua liaj ua teb ua raws li thev naus laus zis thiab tsis tuaj yeem tau txais cov qoob loo zoo thiab cov khoom zoo. Cov tuam txhab lag luam me ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj neeg ua haujlwm ntiav yog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm tsim nyog.
"Kev tsis txaus ntawm cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev lag luam yog ze rau qhov tseem ceeb," nws yws Alexander Matvienko. - Thiab txawm tias cov kawm tiav ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb tsis xav ua haujlwm hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Zoo agronomists, tshuab tswv, thiab technologists tsim nyog lawv qhov hnyav hauv kub, thiab lawv sim nrog tag nrho lawv lub peev xwm los tuav lawv.
"Peb lub tuam txhab, thaum daws teeb meem cov neeg ua haujlwm, nrhiav cov neeg tsim nyog thaum lawv tseem kawm hauv tsev kawm lossis tsev kawm qib siab," hais tias Sergey Zvolsky.– Thiab kom tib neeg tsis txhob tawm mus rau lub neej zoo dua, peb tab tom sim tshem tawm txoj kab ntawm lub nroog thiab lub zos, tsim kom muaj kev zoo siab rau cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Raws li lub Union ntawm Qos thiab Zaub Growers ntawm Kazakhstan, niaj hnub cia chaw nruab nrog huab cua tswj yog tsim rau ib txhij cia ntawm ntau tshaj 500 txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom. Tab sis vim qhov nce hauv cheeb tsam thiab nce hauv kev tawm los, yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ntxiv.
"Peb txoj haujlwm cog qos yaj ywm tau pib nrog kev tsim kho qhov chaw cia rau 12 txhiab tons," sau tseg Maxim Bukaemsky. "Peb nkag siab tias nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev lag luam ua tiav hauv cheeb tsam no. Cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam uas tsis muaj nyiaj los npaj cia poob ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv cov txiaj ntsig.
Kev lag luam txiav txim siab
Lub teb chaws cov neeg ua liaj ua teb feem ntau muag lawv cov khoom los ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab, thiab ntau tus tsis txaus siab rau cov xwm txheej muab los ntawm cov khw muag khoom. Ib leeg tes hauj lwm ua haujlwm ncaj qha nrog cov tuam ntxhab, suav nrog hauv cov ntawv cog lus rau pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau txais cov nyiaj them ua ntej nrog cov nqi ruaj khov thaum lub sijhawm npaj rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav ua haujlwm kom ntxiv peev nyiaj ua haujlwm.
"Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Kazakhstan yog tias kev lag luam, lossis bazaars, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev muag khoom ua liaj ua teb," sau tseg. Kairat Bisetaev - Raws li Lub Koom Haum kwv yees, ntau dua 80% ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tau muab rau cov khw muag khoom lossis ncaj qha rau cov neeg siv khoom kawg los ntawm cov khw muag khoom noj. Ib txhia ntawm lawv kuj ua lag luam wholesale tis network.
"Hais txog ib nrab ntawm cov qoob loo mus rau wholesalers," piav qhia Pavel Lushchak, - thiab peb muab lwm tus rau cov khw muag khoom. Peb tsis maj maj muag, peb muab cov qos yaj ywm tso rau hauv qhov chaw kom txog thaum pib lub caij tshiab thiab muag lawv txhua hli hauv qhov sib npaug.
"Peb yuav tsum tiv thaiv kev sib tw loj," hais Maxim Bukaemsky. - Lavxias, Kyrgyz, thiab Iranian qos yaj ywm yog dav sawv cev ntawm kev ua lag luam. Thiab tseem peb cov khoom tau ncav cuag cov neeg siv khoom ntau txhiab mais deb, piv txwv li, hauv Moscow.
"Lub sijhawm muaj kev sib kis, Kazakhstanis poob lub khw Uzbek, poob rau Russia," nco qab Alexander Matvienko. - Hauv xyoo 2021, peb rov muag cov qos yaj ywm rau peb cov neeg nyob ze, thiab xyoo 2022, kev muag khoom tau tshwm sim hauv lub tebchaws. Tab sis ntawm no cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas loj hlob cov khoom tsis zoo txo peb cov nqi.
"Qhov laj thawj rau tus nqi dhia yog tias kev ua lag luam tsis raug tswj hwm txhua txoj kev," Kuv paub tseeb Sergey Zvolsky. - Ib xyoos, kev thov siab dua li cov khoom siv, thiab tus nqi ntawm cov qos yaj ywm soars. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam, tus naj npawb ntawm cov players aimed ntawm yooj yim profit nce, thiab peb tau txais ib tug overproduction ntawm kab lis kev cai.
Specified trajectory
"Lub Union ntawm Qos thiab Zaub Growers ntawm Kazakhstan txuas ntxiv nws lub luag haujlwm," hais ntxiv Kairat Bisetaev - Tam sim no peb tab tom txiav txim siab yuav ua li cas nkag mus rau hauv cov qos yaj ywm ua lag luam, uas tsis yog pheej yig heev, nkag tau yooj yim dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb me. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb nquag nrhiav cov neeg ua lag luam txawv teb chaws rau ib ntu tseem ceeb rau peb - qos yaj ywm ua. Cov cheeb tsam no yuav tsum tau tsim kho los ntawm kos, thiab qhov no yog qhov kev sib tw tiag tiag rau peb.
"Cov neeg cog qos yaj ywm raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txwv tsis pub muag lawv cov khoom," nws ntseeg Pavel Lushchak. - Cov ntim uas mus rau cov tebchaws nyob sib ze lossis Russia yog, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, tsis txaus rau kev xa tawm tag nrho. Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum muaj kev lag luam tshiab.
"Tom ntej rau peb yog Uzbekistan nrog cov pej xeem ntawm plaub caug lab," nws yog vim li cas. Maxim Bukaemsky - thiab lwm lub teb chaws hauv cheeb tsam Esxias, uas cov qos yaj ywm tau dhau los ua ib qho khoom noj tseem ceeb. Kuv xav tias peb muaj kev cia siab rau kev loj hlob, thiab zoo heev ntawm qhov ntawd.
Nws hais tias "Vim tias peb tau ua qhov teeb meem no tiag tiag," nws hais Sergey Zvolsky - thiab peb muaj cov kws tshaj lij, peb tau txais qee qhov kev paub dhau los, cov teeb meem ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab kev khaws cia ntawm cov qoob loo tau raug daws, kev muag khoom tau tsim, peb yuav mus ntxiv rau hauv peb txoj kev loj hlob. Thiab peb yuav twv yuav raug hu mus txog qhov siab tshiab.
Irina Berg