Sergey Banadysev, Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Agricultural Science, Lub taub hau ntawm kev xaiv qhov kev xaiv ntawm SSC "Doka - Genetic Technologies"
Qhov ua tau thiab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua cov noob raj thaum cog cog tam sim no nce siab. Yog hais tias ua ntej lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm pickling yog los tswj cov rhizoctonia, wireworm thiab Colorado qos yaj ywm rau ntawm cov noob, tam sim no cov tub txawg muaj ntawm lawv pov tseg tag nrho cov khoom siv los tswj cov kabmob feem ntau cov kab mob, kab mob hauv av ntawm blight lig, anthracnose thiab pitium, aphids thaum thawj zaug cog qoob loo, qia nematode, thiab av txhim kho microbiota. Ntxiv nrog rau lub chiv loj, nws raug nquahu kom qhia cov kab kawm thiab lwm yam kev loj hlob ntawm lub hauv paus system thiab nroj tsuag thaum cog nrog rau etching.
Hauv Lavxias Lavxias, nws tau tso cai siv 18 yam tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm fungicides, 10 cov khoom xyaw tshuaj tua kab thiab 15 microbial npaj nrog fungicidal kev ua haujlwm rau kev kho noob. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw uas tseem ceeb (d.v.-va) ua tau zoo tiv thaiv cov kab mob qos: azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid, benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, metalapy. Ntawm 30 qhov kev lag luam tshuaj, feem ntau ntawm txhua yam yog cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm Prestige (imidacloprid + pencycuron, Bayer) - 8 thiab Maxima (fludioxonil, Syngenta) - 5. Muaj ntau ntau cov khoom lag luam nrog ob tus kab. fungicides: azoxystrobin + mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), penflufen + prothioconazole (Emesto Nyiaj, Bayer), nrog cov tshuaj tua kab - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole (King Combi, Agro Expert Group + Dyentafiodeloxaminoxamol ), iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole (Idicum, Lub Yim Hli). Cov nplua nuj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom siv fungicide Cov Nyiaj Tso Tseg (Shchelkovo-Agrokhim) yog fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxil. Txhua lwm yam tshuaj yog ib-tshuaj lossis ua ke nrog tshuaj tua kab. Azoxystrobin (Quadris, Syngenta) thiab hauv kev sib xyaw nrog mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), fluxapiroxad (Sercadis, BASF) raug pom zoo rau kev cog qoob loo hauv av hauv lub qhov quav, qhov seem ntawm cov tshuaj - rau tub ntxhais.
Daim ntawv tso cai los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab rau kev kho lub qe thaum cog cia no kuj muaj ntau heev. Nws raug tso cai siv yeeb tshuaj nrog a.v. acetamiprid, imidacloprid, bifentrin, fipronil, fabriciadinine, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprol, oxamil. Hauv qhov no, teflutrin (Yuam, Syngenta) thiab oxamyl (Vidat, Corteva) muaj ib daim ntawv npaj ntawm granules thiab tau qhia rau hauv av. Cov tshuaj ntxiv yog siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev hnav khaub ncaws, hauv tib cov tshuaj nrog fungicides. Lub spectrum ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab yog av kis kab, Kab mob Colorado qos beetle thiab aphids ntawm seedlings. Nematode kev tsuj - kev teem caij Vidat nematicide. Ib qho kev tso cai cais rau cov kab tom no tsis cuam tshuam hauv cov kev cai, txawm hais tias kev xyaum ntawm xyoo tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm ntau cov tshuaj nquag tiv thaiv cov kab mob nyaum no yog qhov deb ntawm kev sib npaug. Kev npaj kev lag luam feem ntau yog raws li imidacloprid, fabriciadinine, thiab thiamethoxam. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev xaiv: imidacloprid + fipronil (Tabu Super, Lub Yim Hli), imidacloprid + bifentrin (Imidalit, FM Rus), thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprol (Voliam Flexi, Syngenta).
Kev lees paub ntawm cov kab mob lom nyob rau hauv Lavxias yog suav nrog kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev sib tua ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tus kheej los ntawm genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas thiab carnivorous fungi los ntawm genus Trichoderma. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, hauv daim ntawv teev npe ntawm 2020, 15 qhov kev npaj ua lag luam tau sau npe rau cov qos yaj ywm. Kev siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim khoom yog Extrasol (Bisolbi-Inter), uas rau qee qhov laj thawj dhau mus rau hauv cov ntawv sau npe raws li cov chiv microbiological. Peb Nyob Rau Xyoo 2017-2019 Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj biofungicides ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tau muab tshuaj xyuas. Cov ntaub ntawv txaus siab heev thiab tseem ceeb tau txais tau uas tsim nyog cais kev xav thiab yuav muab luam tawm.
Kev ua cov noob yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv cov kab mob thiab cov kab tsuag, txhawb kev cog kev loj hlob thiab kev tsim kho thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim kho, tsim rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Kev ua haujlwm tau txiav txim siab raug txiav txim siab los ntawm kev xaiv cov tshuaj thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. Kev xaiv cov tshuaj yuav tsum yog ua raws li kev nkag siab ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv tshwj xeeb fungicides thiab coj mus rau hauv tus lej phytopathological cov teeb meem ntawm kev cog pob khoom tshwj xeeb thiab thaj chaw tshwj xeeb. Daim ntawv teev cov xeev ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntawm Lavxias Lavxias muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tsawg. Fungicides rau kev hnav khaub ncaws tubers raug sau npe ua tus tswj cov khoom lag luam rau tus mob rhizoctonia, feem ntau pob khaus thiab nyiaj scab. Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv anthracnose, mob viav vias, ua rau cov kab mob hauv av lig dhau los, uas tau dhau los ua ntau xyoo dhau los. Muaj qee qhov ua piv txwv ntawm kev siv dav heev. Yog li, TMTD qub tau muab tso ua qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv blight lig, rhizoctonia, pob khaus, ntub dej kab mob rot thiab fusarium. Qhov no ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, vim tias tsuas yog cov niaj hnub no peb qhov kev tiv thaiv fungicide Idicum muaj qhov sib piv ntawm kev nqis tes ua - oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctonia.
Kev tshaj tawm txog cov tshuaj tua kab tsim cov kab kev qhia, tab sis kev tawm tsam hauv qhov teeb meem no tsis tau lees tias. Cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm yuav tsum tau ntsuas nrog kev txwv thiab qhov ceev faj, suav txog qhov kev nyiam ua lag luam nyiam cog khoom tiv thaiv cov chaw tsim khoom. Yog lawm, lawv muab cov pov thawj ntau heev ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb tshaj li cov neeg sib tw hauv cov khoom lag luam tiag tiag. Muaj txoj cai ntawm hlau: koj cov tshuaj yeej ib txwm yeej, tus neeg sib tw yeej ib txwm poob. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tuam txhab sib tw, tau kawg, txhua yam yog qhov tseeb rov qab. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sib piv ntawm cov tswv ntawm cov feem ntau ntawm cov kev ua ntawm ntau yam tshuaj tua kab mob yog qhia hauv Table 1.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub lub hom phiaj muaj tseeb thiab txiaj ntsig ntawm txhua yam muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv cog. Cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no hauv kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm txhim kho lub teb chaws txhua xyoo tau hloov kho tshiab los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij ywj pheej cov koomhaum thiab coj mus rau kev saib xyuas ntawm cov kws tshaj lij hauv zej zog. Raws li zaj xov xwm, pub dawb thiab ua ntej. Txij li thaum lub xeev tseem tsis tau muab cov kev pabcuam zoo sib xws rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv Lavxias teb sab, cov ntaub ntawv muaj los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev txawv tebchaws thiab cov chaw qhib yuav tsum yog lub hauv paus, kho rau cov nyiaj muaj. Rooj ntawv 2. sau lub ntsiab txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev tswj cov nquag pom cov kab mob qos pom, qhia cov tshuaj tua kab pov thawj nrog kev ua pov thawj zoo ntawm cov kab mob tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam, txij li feem ntau cov nquag molecules ntawm cov tshuaj tau muab coj los ua ke ntev. Tab sis qee cov dhia lev taws uas tau tsim tau tsuas yog tsim tsis ntev los no: sedaxan, penflufen, fluxopyroxade, uas tau qhib qhov tshiab tshiab rau kev tswj hwm cov kab mob thaum cog ntoo.
Cov lus 2. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev tswj cov kab mob qos (raws li M.Fiers li al., 2011)
Pathogen / kab mob | Sevo-pawg thawj coj | Fertilizer | Ncauj | Tsaws, tu, tu | Tshuaj tua kab |
Colletotricum coccodes / Anthracnose | Kev sib hloov rau ntau tshaj 5 xyoos nrog cov nplej, txhuv liab, alfalfa, pob kws, tshuaj ntsuab, ncu, barley. Ntxiv nrog rau daj mustard, soy, rape | - | 30 cm tsuav plowing | Txav deb ntawm kev ntxhov siab dej, Kev tu ntxov. Lub sijhawm luv nruab nrab ntawm kev topping thiab sau | Tshuaj tiv thaiv oxamyl. Txo cov mob imazalil, tolchlofos-methyl, mancozeb, thiabendazole, fenpichonil thiab propiconazole. |
Fusarium spp./ Fusarium qhuav rot | Yam tsawg kawg peb xyoos tig nrog liab clover | Neeg siab | Tsawg heev ua | Kev tu ntxov. Luv luv nruab nrab ntawm topping thiab sau, qhov txhab zoo | Cov tshuaj chlorine dioxide, fenpichonil, thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm andendazole, imazalil thiab mancozeb |
Helmintosporium solani / nyiaj kiav txhab | Yam tsawg kawg peb xyoos tig nrog liab clover | - | Tsawg heev ua | Tsawg tsaws ntaws hauv av, tuaj lig thiab kev tua ntxov | Mankoceb, imazalil, prochloraz, chlorine dioxide, thiabendazole, fenpichlonil, benomyl |
Phoma ssp./ Fomose qhuav rot | - | - | - | Thaum ntxov topping, khawb ntawm qhov kub tshaj 8оС | 2-aminobutane, andendazole |
Phytophthora erytroseptica / Paj yeeb Rot | Peb xyoos nrog barley thiab liab clover | - | - | Cov qhov dej xau thawm, ntxuav hauv huab cua txias, txo kev raug mob | Mephenoxam, hlauxyl |
Polyscytalum pustulans / Oosporosis, hnoos qeev | - | - | - | Kev tu ntxov | Imazalil, prochlorase (phev), 2-aminobutane, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Phytium qhov kawg / qhov txhab dej tawm | - | Neeg siab | - | Cov qhov dej xau thawm, ntxuav hauv huab cua txias, txo kev raug mob | Mephenoxam |
Rhizoctonia solani / Rhizoctonia, kiav txhab dub | Kev sib hloov tsawg kawg peb xyoos, tshwj tsis yog nplej, alfalfa, ryegrass | Vwm, quav ciab | Tsawg ua, lub caij nplooj zeeg txiav crest | Cov av tawg cog (5 cm), av qhov kub thiab txias, cog ntoo tsawg. Lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm kev topping thiab khawb. | Nws provokes 1,3 - dichloropropene, aldicarb thiab epoprofos Nws txo qis pencicuron, chlorine dioxide, thiophanate methyl, flutolanil, mancozeb, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Sclerotinia sclerotinium / Dawb pwm | 4-5 xyoos nrog zaub mov nplej, kab tshuaj ntsuab | - | - | Kev tswj hwm dej | Fluazinam, iprodion, thiophanate methyl, boscalide |
Spongospora subterrania / Powdery scab | Yam tsawg kawg 10 xyoo, tsis muaj nyom | Tsis txhob siv cov tshuaj yias | Tsis txhob laij lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav | Lig tsaws rau ntawm cov qhov dej zoo nplej | Fluzulfamide, Fluazinam, Mancocheb |
Synchytrium endobioticum / Qos Mob Cancer | Kev sib hloov heev ntev (30 xyoo) | Urea | - | Zoo-liaj teb zoo | Urea = urea |
Verticillium dahliae / Vilt, verticillez | Peb-xyoo kev sib hloov nrog liab clover, Sudanese nyom, cereals. Tshwj hauv ncu pa, taum mog, oats, txhuv, mint, nroj | Ammonium lingosulfate | Tsawg heev ua | - | Mancozeb, captan, metam, 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin |
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus / Lub nplhaib rot | Nrog dos | - | - | - | Flusulfamide |
Cov kab mob Pectobacterium, Dickeya / Blackleg | Kev tsis suav ntawm monoculture, kev sib xyaw nrog nplej, txhuv liab, barley lossis nyom | Tsis txhob overestimate nitrogen | - | Cov dej ntws zoo teb, Tshem cov nroj tsuag muaj kab mob, tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij puas | Cov tshuaj chlorine dioxide, txhuas thiab bisulfite ntsev, casugamycin, streptomycin, dej qab zib benzoate, benzoic acid, tooj liab oxychloride + metalaxyl lossis cymoxanil, metiram, clorocin, |
Streptomyces scabies Feem ntau thiab netted scab | Nrog lupine, lub caij ntuj no rye lossis seradella. Ntxiv nrog rau qab zib beets, carrots, pastures | Cov poov tshuaj, phosphorus, ammonium lingosulfate, nplooj lwg, quav qaib | Kev sib sib zog nqus loosening | - | Tshuaj tiv thaiv oxamyl. Muaj cov kab mob boric acid, streptomycin, daminoside, DL-ethionine |
Ditylenchus destructor | - | - | - | - | Oxamyl |
Globodera rostochiensis / Cyst-forming nematode | Ntev tig nrog taum paj, flax, rye, oats thiab ryegrass | Phosphorus | - | Tiv thaiv kev kis mob sib kis nrog cov txheej txheem | Dimethyl disulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb, foxime, A.C. 92100, 64475, carbofuran |
Meloidogine ssp./ Gallic nematode | Dub ncu / Ntxiv nrog rau ntau cov qoob loo - carrots, beets, liab clover, cereals, tshis | - | - | - | Txhua qhov av fumigants |
Hauv EU lub teb chaws, muaj cov txheej txheem zoo ib yam ntawm kev ua kom nquag plias, txawm tias kev txhoj puab heev thiab muaj cov xim ntsuab ntau dua ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb. Ntau pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv tau twb dhau los lossis rho tawm ntawm kev ncig los ntawm txoj cai, lawv txoj kev siv yog txwv tsis pub muaj. Yog li ntawd, qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev cog qoob loo rau kev tiv thaiv cov noob tau dhau los tsawg, raws li tuaj yeem pom hauv piv txwv ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees (Cov Lus 3). Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias yog tias qhov no txuas ntxiv, tom qab ntawd kev tsim cov khoom cog qoob loo, uas yeej suav nrog cov qos yaj ywm, yuav tsum tau nres hauv Western Europe, txij li nws tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj thiab tau txais cov qoob loo siab thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob qho kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv siv hauv EU tsim nyog: 1) fungicides raws li tooj liab hydroxide (Funguran kev kawm tiav, Kuprozin kev vam meej, muaj cov zoo sib xws hauv Russia, Koside 2000, piv txwv) pom zoo siv los tswj cov kab mob bacteriosis; 2) microbiological npaj tau nquag siv. Tawm tsam cov kab mob Cov kab mob Pectobacterium thiab Dickeya, kev pom zoo tooj liab tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog lwm cov fungicides. Tooj liab yog ib txoj lw keeb thiab thaum ua cov kav yuav muaj rau cov nroj tsuag nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev txhim kho. Cov qos yaj ywm cog zoo muab nrog tooj liab yog ntau dua-tiv taus huab cua. Thaum ntxov nqus cov tooj liab pab txhawb kev tsim cov lignin, uas yog, kev tsim kho sai dua ntawm lub rind muaj zog.
Cov Lus 3. Kev muab cov noob pov tseg tiv thaiv cov khoom lag luam thaum cog, Yelemes, 2020
Hauv xyoo 2020, cov neeg cog qoob loo cog qoob loo German tau muaj sijhawm siv 10 npaj rau daim ntawv thov rau cov tub thiab cov av thaum cog. Cov roj ntsha muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kab mob fungicides thiab kev loj hlob lub zog, ua kom lub zog thiab ua kom microbiota tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm Lavxias. Cov khoom lag luam tau tshwm sim nrog lwm hom ntawm cov genus Bacillus, tsis yog Subtilis, tab sis Verezentis, Atrophaeus, Amyloliquefaciens. Ntxiv nrog rau ib qho-tivthaiv, consortia ntawm cov kab mob antagonist tau pib nquag siv. Yog li, SOLANOVA ® cov khoom lag luam muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm 5 yam muaj cov kabmob: Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyceten, Mykorriza. SOLANOVA txoj ntsiab cai ntawm kev ua - nce av microbial kev ua si, cog cov zaub mov ua kom muaj zog, txhim kho hauv paus kev loj hlob, tshem tawm cov organic seem hauv av, txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones cog thiab cov enzymes, nce kev ntxhov siab ua siab ntev xws li salinity, tshav kub, ntuj qhuav, txias, thiab lwm yam. effect: loj hlob hauv cov av thiab cov hauv paus hniav thiab kev sib tw nrog cov kab mob rau cov hauv paus exudates ua cov zaub mov tseem ceeb, tsim cov txheej txheem microbial rau lwm cov kab mob hauv cov hauv paus hniav, ntxiv dag zog rau cov tsis kam ntawm cov nroj tsuag, kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab rau cov nroj tsuag, ua rau muaj kev ruaj khov ntawm cov nroj tsuag hluas.
Kev ua tiav ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhais tau tias kev tiv thaiv cov cog ntoo cog hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas (Cov Lus 4,5). Txog tam sim no, muaj cov khoom siv dav dav hauv daim ntawv ntawm hmoov (hmoov av) rau kev kho cov noob thaum txiav. Tus cwj pwm twj ywm rau txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm blight lig, ziab qhuav thiab kab mob kis thaum lub sijhawm txiav thiab qhov tseeb ntawm tag nrho cov tsoos txiav ntawm cov khoom loj hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas tau piav qhia meej los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom lag luam hmoov raws li mancozeb thiab pencycuron. Los ntawm txoj kev, 30% ntawm tag nrho cov noob qos yaj ywm hauv Askiv tau ua tiav nrog pencycuron hmoov (Monceren, Bayer) kom txog rau xyoo tas los. Rau cov kua dej etching, ntxiv rau cov tshuaj paub hauv Lavxias Federation, sedaxan, hydrogen peroxide, thiab cov kab mob Chenopodium quinoa saponins tau txais kev pom zoo siv. Sedaxan muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb thawj plaub ntu tshuaj tua kab mob los ntawm Syngenta, uas nyob hauv Asmeskas hu ua Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Qos Yaj Ultra nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm d.v. fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Lavxias Lavxias tau tshaj tawm pib ntawm txoj kev ua rau suav nrog cov tshuaj zoo ib yam hauv hauv kev tso npe rau cov qos yaj ywm;
Rooj 4. Npaj rau kev ua cov noob qos (nom tswv Meskas lub xeev txoj cai rau 2020)
1 - ntau npaum = tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tiav yuav tsum tau thov, qhov twg oz fl (ounce) = 28,4 g, cwt (hnab) = 45,4 -50,1 kg.
2 - x - khoom tso cai rau kab lis kev cai thiab kab mob; blank = cov khoom lag luam tsis yog npaj rau ib qho kab mob tshwj xeeb.
3 - Fusarium, Rhizoctonia solani thiab Helminthosporium solani. Cov fungi ua rau qhuav rot, rhizoctonia thiab silvery scab.
4 - suav nrog Erwinia, ua rau cov kab mob me me thiab Clavibacter, ua rau lub nplhaib qog.
Lub hauv paus sib txawv thiab qhov zoo dua ntawm Asmeskas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv thaum cog cov qos yaj ywm yog qhov loj ntawm kev npaj rau kev npaj rau daim ntawv thov rau cov av. Ntxiv rau azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fluxapiroxade thiab kev npaj lom neeg nyob hauv Lavxias teb sab chaw neeg, nws raug tso cai siv lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm strobirulins (pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin) thiab feem ntau tiv thaiv kab mob phytoplastic (cyazofamide, fluazines, flutolanil, oxathiopipron). Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov av hauv av yog kev tswj hwm ntawm rhizoctoniosis, lig blight, pitium thiab anthracnose (Cov Lus 5).
Rooj 5. Cov av npaj rau cog qos yaj ywm (nom tswv lub xeev txoj cai rau 2020)
qhov twg fauj ft, 30 cm; lb - lb, 0,4 kg; A - evkawj, 0,4 his.
Kev tsom xam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ywj pheej tso cai rau koj xaiv cov khoom zoo thaum ua cov noob qos ntoo. Daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj pathogens hauv tubers yog txwv rau rhizoctonia, ib qho thiab silvery scab, fusarium thiab phomosis (yees duab 1). Kev xuas xaum xau lossis cov av hauv cov av dav dav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txuas ntxiv txo kev kis ntawm keeb kwm ntawm rhizoctonia, anthracnose, cov plaub hau lig blight, mob viav vias (ua rau mob) thiab paj yeeb rot. Saum toj no, microbiological thiab tooj liab-npaj npaj tau zoo tiv thaiv cov kab mob cov kab mob.
Txhua qhov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv muaj cov yeeb yam tshwj xeeb heev. Piv txwv li, penflufen thiab sedaxan ua hauj lwm zoo los tiv thaiv kev ua pob, tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv fusarium, thaum mancozeb thiab difenoconazole, ntawm qhov tsis sib thooj, prothioconazole ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsuj nyiaj scab los ntawm pencycuron, thiab lwm yam. Yog tias Sercadis pom zoo kom siv cais nyob hauv peb lub teb chaws, tom qab ntawd hauv Asmeskas, thaum ua cov plaub tsiaj, fluxapiroxade yog sib xyaw nrog pyraclostrobin (Tshuaj Priaxor). Thiab qhov no tsis yog vim tsis muaj dab tsi los ua, tab sis rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nthuav dav lub zog ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, ib qho d.v-va tsis txaus. Muaj qee tus txwv ntawm lub sijhawm siv. Piv txwv li, nws yog qhov zoo dua los kho dormant, tsis muaj qos yaj ywm nrog fludioxonil. Imazalil raug pom zoo kom siv tsuas yog rau thaum ntxov etching, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws yog ib qho ntawm ob peb yam uas thaiv oosporosis. Muaj ntau qhov sib txawv hauv kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb hauv cov teb chaws sib txawv. Yog li, hauv Tebchaws Europe, nws ntseeg tau tias azoxystrobin thiab lwm yam strobirulins yuav tsum thov kom tsuas yog rau hauv av, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob kis ntawm lub raj. Nyob hauv Asmeskas, tsis muaj kev txwv zoo li no, cov tshuaj yeeb tshuaj yog siv rau ob lub taub thiab plhaw. Qhov kev ceeb toom yog qhov tseeb tias Western Europe, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Canada tsis tau tso tseg cov plua plav hauv lub neej tom ntej, i.e. yooj yim dusting ntawm tubers yam uas tsis muaj nqi.
Rau cov neeg cog qoob loo Lavxias Lavxias, kev xyaum nthuav tawm cov plua plav ntawm lub taub hau hauv tsob nroj tus bunker yog qhov tsis nco qab ntev thiab tam sim no txoj kev tsis lees paub. Nws tseem nyuaj rau xav txog tias nyob hauv cov teb chaws vam meej xws li tus txheej txheem ntawm kev coj ua tseem dav siv, thiab qhov no nyob hauv qab cov lus hais txog ecology (Tseeb, hmoov raws li penflufen, flutolonil thiab fludioxonil twb tau txwv hauv EU los ntawm txhais tes, tsuas yog los ntawm cov neeg thov). Muaj ob txoj hauv kev rau ntub dej, kua etching: ua ntej hauv tsev kho mob thiab thaum cog hauv thaj teb. Thaum ntxov pickling muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo - ib hom quieter, ntau dua qhov ntau ntawm cov ua hauj lwm daws, thiab nce qos cog tsim tau. Tab sis koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev kho mob siab zoo ntawm lub tsev kho mob yog qhov ntsuas cov kua nyeem tsawg kawg nrog cov kua dej uas ua hauj lwm tus nqi tsis ntau tshaj 3 l / t. Qhov no yog qhov ua tau thaum siv cov tshuaj txau disc (saib daim duab 2,3) ntawm txhua qhov chaw sib hloov - cov pob qij ntsaws, lub rooj tshuaj xyuas lossis Mafex cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Cov dej ntws ntawm cov kua dej ua haujlwm 10-20 l / t tso cai los ntawm cov qauv ntawm Lavxias Lavxias ntawm lub tsev kho mob yuav tsum lees paub tias yog ua txhaum cai thiab tsis tsim nyog. Hauv qhov xwm txheej phytopathological niaj hnub, qhov pom meej noo noo ntawm tubers yog txhob txwm npau taws ntawm kev txhim kho cov kab mob. Tom qab kho nyob rau hauv tsev kho mob, txawm tias nyob rau Hmo ua ntej cog, cov qos yaj ywm yuav tsum tau qhuav. Yog hais tias kev kho mob yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cog, cov qos yaj ywm pickled tau thauj thiab coj mus rau tom teb, tab sis nws pib los nag thiab cog nres tsawg kawg ib hnub - tam sim ntawd nchuav thiab qhuav cov noob. Txwv tsis pub, teeb meem nrog germination thiab rotting ntawm tubers yog kev tsis pom nrias tej.
Kev tsaws hauv av tseem siv tau. Tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua kom sov, qhuav lub cav, tsis muaj qhov teeb meem ntawm kev thov cov khoom siv cog tiv thaiv hauv kev khaws cia thiab tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev cog tom qab cog, tsis tsuas yog lub kaus xwb, tab sis kuj muaj av ua. Tab sis cov txheej txheem cog kev maj mam poob, cov cuab yeej siv txuam nrog ntau dua, muaj teeb meem hauv kev soj ntsuam tas li ntawm kev ntws tawm thiab kev ua kom zoo. Txhua tus cog qoob loo niaj hnub no muaj cov cuab yeej siv roj thaiv hluav taws xob tiv thaiv kev cog ntoo. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv tshwj xeeb hollow-cone nozzles, uas tsis tshua muaj qhov txhaws nrog cov kev daws qhov kev ncua (saib daim duab 4,5,6).
Syngenta muab cov neeg yuav khoom ntawm nws cov neeg saib xyuas nrog cov tshuaj pleev xim daj (daim duab 4), uas tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau daim ntawv thov ntawm kev ncua tsis pub muaj, sib txawv los ntawm tsawg dua 40% hauv kev xas dej los ntawm cov tshuaj txau nrog qhov khoob khoob, vim lawv cov qauv yooj yim lawv xyaum tsis txhaws thiab tsis tas yuav lim dej. Lawv tau tsim thiab ntsia ua khub. Ob lub nozzles raug teeb tsa ntawm kaum sab xis ntawm 45 ° rau saum npoo kab rov tav thiab tau ncaj qha rau ib leeg: lub nozzle nrog lub kaum sab xis ntawm 20 ° (ntev) rau kev ua cov khoom poob ntog raug ntsia hauv thawj qhov thaiv nrog cog; cov tshuaj tsuag nrog lub kaum sab xis ntawm 70 ° (luv luv) yog tsim los ua cov txheej txheem hauv qab ntawm lub furrow, ib feem ntawm cov tuber, ntxiv rau cov av npog lub furrow, yog ntsia hauv ob lub tsev.
Kev txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag ntawm cov qhib ntawm cov cog tau pom hauv daim duab 7,8. Ua cov ceg tsuas (daim duab 7) tab tom poob nws qhov tseeb, txij li nrog kev npaj ntawm lub nozzles, rhuav tshem ntawm kev ua haujlwm daws tau. Ib txhij daim ntawv thov ntawm cov tshuaj mus rau tubers thiab av yog ntau zoo. Hauv qhov no, lub hauv ntej-angled nozzle (1) tuaj yeem txau 1/3 ntawm cov kua dej ntsug rau hauv qhov qhib qhib ncaj qha tom qab lub furrow. Cov qos tuber ces poob rau hauv cov kua-kho furrow. Thib ob, lub tog sib tw (2) tuaj yeem hno 2/3 ntawm cov kua txau rau hauv cov av tsiv mus uas cov disc harrow npog lub hau. Nws kuj tseem pom zoo kom siv cov hybrid version, kom ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj ua haujlwm no tau hais qhia rau lub raj.
Kev daws teeb meem ua haujlwm ntawm kev npaj rau kev tiv thaiv thiab txhawb nqa thaum lub sij hawm cog yuav muaj txog li tsib yam: fungicide, tshuaj tua kab, kev npaj tshuaj tua kab mob microbiological, micronutrient chiv lossis kev loj hlob stimulator, adjuvant. Kev xaiv ntawm microfertilizers nrog kev pom qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig, amino acids, adjuvants rau cov hauv paus zoo dua thiab kev pib loj hlob yog dav. Cov khoom lag luam niaj hnub no yog cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab muab faib tau zoo, sib tov rau cov kev daws teeb meem tsis muaj nag lossis daus. Nrog rau txhua cov tshuaj tshiab, qhov no yuav tsum muaj tseeb los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm lub ntim me. Nyias, tsuas yog cov kab tshuaj tua kab thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob txhawm rau txhawm rau ntxiv, rau cov neeg thov tshwj xeeb yog ntsia rau ntawm tus cog (daim duab 9,10). Cov neeg thov siv tswv yim tseem qhia tawm lub tshuaj tiv thaiv nematode txheeb raws roj ntsha Nematofagin-Mikopro raws li cov kab mob hu ua fungi, vim tias raws li cov ntaub ntawv qhia cov khoom lag luam nws tsis sib xws nrog fungicides.
Tus nqi ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws thiab txhawb cov qos yaj ywm cog cov khoom siv uas siv cov tshuaj siv tau zoo tshaj plaws tau nce ob npaug ntawm tsib xyoos dhau los thiab nce mus txog 8-10 txhiab rubles / his. Qhov no yog ntu peb ntu ntawm tag nrho kev tiv thaiv, muaj, tseem ceeb, tab sis sib npaug rau tus nqi ib tuj ntawm cov qos yaj ywm. Qhov kev nce ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev ua lag luam yog ntau zaus ntau dua li nqi, thiab tsis yog vim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tab sis vim muaj qhov khoom ua tau zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv noob yuav tsum tau nqa tawm ntawm kev tawm tsam. Lub cev lwj thiab raug mob yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ua ntej thiab ua tib zoo, txwv tsis pub lawv cov kev ua haujlwm yuav ua rau muaj kev nthuav dav loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cog rau hauv cov ntoo dej lossis tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom sov, uas yuav ua rau txo cov qos yaj ywm tawm. Tshaj ntawm kev noj cov zaub mov zoo tshaj plaws, kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau dhau ntawm cov nroj tsuag yuav tsum tsis txhob cia, cov no yog cov kev npaj nyuaj, cov nroj tsuag yuav poob qab ntawm kev loj hlob mus ntev. kev hnav khaub ncaws tsis tuaj yeem hloov cov noob zoo.
Hauv kev xaus, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev kho mob nrog txhais tau tias ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab txhawb cov tshuaj ntawm cov noob yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm theem kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov qoob loo loj hauv qos. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los, muaj ntau qhov kev kawm tau zoo hauv thaj chaw no thiab cov hauv kev tshiab tau qhib. Txoj kev kawm thiab kev tsom xam cov ntaub ntawv txawv teb chaws tso cai rau peb kom peb hais txog cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv cov cog ntoo cog. Qhov no yog nthuav dav ntawm cov naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, kev hloov pauv los ntawm ib-ob-tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj mus rau peb-plaub-tshuaj tivthaiv tshuaj, kev hloov pauv los ntawm tub raj mus rau cov av sau qoob thiab tsim cov tshuaj tshiab cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev tiv thaiv lom neeg. Ua tib zoo xav txog qhov hloov ntawm qhov teeb meem phytopathological, ntau dua yuav tsum tau them rau silvery scab, pithium, anthracnose, lwm yam kab mob hauv av thiab bacteriosis. Cov kab mob ntawm cov fungicides muaj nyob hauv Lavxias Lavxias yog qhov niaj hnub thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg. Lub ntiaj teb cov tuam txhab tsim cov khoom siv tiv thaiv cog yog tsis muaj kev maj nrawm los muab cov kev sib txuas ua ke tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm d.v-v rau Russia, tab sis cov tuam txhab Lavxias (Lub Yim Hli, Shchelkovo-Agrokhim, Agro Expert Group) nrog cov khoom lag luam multicomponent Idicum, Kev Tso Nyiaj thiab King Combi zoo nkaus li muaj txiaj ntsig thiab kev sib tw. Hais txog kev cog qoob loo hauv av nrog fungicides nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe, suav nrog Lavxias Lavxias, muaj kev lag luam kom pom tseeb ntawm cov neeg txawv tebchaw, tab sis muaj ntau yam kev kawm thiab muaj qee yam yuav coj los ua piv txwv, lub peev xwm tseem ceeb txhawm rau txhim kho txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv thaum cog ntawm no. Hais txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev npaj microbiological, kev coj noj coj ua, ntawm chav kawm, belongs rau cov tuam txhab European. Cov npe ntawm biofungicides nyob rau hauv Lavxias Lavxias yog qhov loj heev, tab sis nqaim hauv kev lom neeg, cov kev tshaj tawm tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob yuav tsum muaj kev lees paub hauv kev coj ua. Cov kev thov los tswj cov kab mob siv cov tooj liab uas muaj cov fungicides thiab cov kab mob lom yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig thiab qhov tseeb.