Maria Erokhov, junior research khub Txhua-Lavxias Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Phytopathology, e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
Maria Kuznetsova, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Qos Qos thiab Zaub Zaub ntawm All-Lavxias Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Phytopathology, Tus Neeg Sib Tw ntawm Biological Sciences
Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv zog ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm WTO, qia nematodes ntawm genus. Ditylenchus (D. tus rhuav tshem, D. dipsaci) raug lees paub tias yog ib qho kab mob txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau cov qoob loo. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws D. tus rhuav tshem и D. dipsaci tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm cov kab tsuag tswj hwm: nyob rau hauv Lavxias Federation thiab EU, lawv muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm cov kab tsuag uas tsis yog cais tawm (RNQPs) ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm [19, 18]. Raws li txoj cai thoob ntiaj teb, muaj cov xwm txheej RNQP tso cai rau cov qauv sib txawv los tsim kom muaj kev kam rau siab (tso cai saum toj no uas muaj cov kab tsuag muab rau hauv ntau cov noob qos yaj ywm tsis pub). Piv txwv li, raws li cov kev cai ntawm lub teb chaws tus qauv rau Scotland, xoom cov ntsiab lus tolerances yog teem D. tus rhuav tshem nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov pawg ntawm pre-basic thiab yooj yim qos yaj ywm nyob rau hauv ib tug par nrog ntau quarantine kab tsuag [11] vim lub fact tias lub cheeb tsam muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm ib tug High Qib cheeb tsam rau cultivation thiab muag khoom ntawm pre-basic thiab yooj yim noob qos yaj ywm thiab ua hauj lwm. rau cov qauv nruj dua li cov cai los ntawm EU.
Kev faib tawm ntawm phytopathogenic nematodes ntawm genus Ditylenchus nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nrog ntau theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm qos yaj ywm loj hlob, ntawm chav kawm, lawv txawv. Hauv qee lub tebchaws, qia nematodes tshwm sim me me, hauv lwm tus, ib nrab vim yog monoculture, kev siv cov noob kab mob thiab cov khoom cog, lawv yog ib qho teeb meem loj. Yog li, raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm EPPO Ntiaj Teb Cov Ntaub Ntawv tau txais los ntawm kev tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm Soviet cov kws sau ntawv [15, 21, 12, 22, 23, 16] thiab International Center for Agricultural thiab Biological Sciences ntawm Cov Tswv Cuab Tebchaws ntawm Tebchaws Askiv ( CABI), nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub USSR nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Federation D. tus rhuav tshem muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm cov kab tsuag thoob plaws [18] Thiab rau hnub tim, qhov xwm txheej tsis tau hloov [7]. Hauv UK, raws li NPPO, cov xwm txheej D. destructor - "tam sim no, nyob rau hauv tsawg abundance (ob peb nrhiav tau)" [5]. Hais txog D. dipsaci, ces raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tib qhov chaw, nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis muaj me ntsis cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws, nyob rau hauv lub UK, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, nws yog ubiquitous [18].
Raws li EPPO Global Database D. destructor yog ib tug dav polyphage: lub ntsiab tswv tsev cog yog qos yaj ywm (Solanum tuberosum)Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab tsuag ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau qej (Allium sativum), beets (beta vulgaris), carrot noob (Daucus carota: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? subsp ua. sativ), codonopsis me-haired (Codonopsis pilosula), crocus (Crocus), dahlias (Dahliagladiolus (gladiolus), hyacinth (Hyacinthus, Dutch iris (Iris × hollandica), peacock tigridia (Tigridia pavonia), clover (trifolium), tulip (Tulipa [ kaum yim]. Raws li CABI, qhov ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag cuam tshuam D. destructor txawm wider: dos (Allium cepa), txiv laum huab xeeb (Arachis hypogaea), qab zib beet (beta vulgaris Muaj. saccharifera),tea (Camellia sinensis), Sweet pepper (Capsicum xyoob), vaj chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), common watermelon (Citrullis Lantus), Txiv kab ntxwv (Citrus sinensis), melon (Dib dib melo), common dib (Cucumis sativus), taub dag nutmeg (Cucurbita moschata), vaj strawberry (Fragaria kev ua si), soybeans (Glycina max), common hop (humulus lupulus), qos yaj ywm (Ipomoea cov ntaub ntawv), mint (Tub Ntxhaisginseng (yog ')Panax ginsengginseng pentaphyllum (Panax quinquefolius), txiv lws suav (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (Solanum hmoov), mov nplej (Lub caij ntuj sov nplej), cultivated grapes (Vitis vinifera), pob kws (Zea mas) [ kaum plaub]. Tsis tas li ntawd, D. destructor kab mob nroj tsuag: dawb gauze (Chenopodium album), tag nrho round (Cypress puag ncig), zoo tib yam (Datura stramonium), goose nyom (Eleusine indica), couch grass (Elymus rov qab los), medicinal fumes (fumaria officinalis), dub nightshade (Solanum nigrum), field thistle (Sonchus arvensis yog), me me marigolds (Tagetes feeb)dandelion officinalis (Taraxacum officinale), common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) [14]. Nws tau raug sau tseg tias ntau yam ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem nthuav dav raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv tau dhau los [18].
Raws li EPPO Global Database, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tswv tsev cog rauD. dipsaci tseem yog qhov loj heev [18] Vim li no, kev hloov pauv zaub yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los txo cov neeg nematode.
Raws li morphological, biochemical, molecular thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb D. dipsaci sl muab faib ua ob peb pawg [6]: kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm cov uas yog D. dipsaci sensu stricto и D. gigas n. sp. (qhov tom kawg yog pom ntawm cov bobs ntau (Vicia fab) hauv ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe) [17]. Nws yog sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm heev tshwj xeeb haiv neeg D. dipsaci Kev sib hloov ntawm peb lub xyoos nrog cov qoob loo tiv taus tuaj yeem txo nws cov lej, muab cov kev ntsuas raws sijhawm los tawm tsam cov nroj tsuag uas yog lwm hom nroj tsuag [10].
Cog nematodes ntawm genus Ditylenchus yog cov kab mob phem rau cov nroj tsuag, kis nrog cov noob tubers thiab qhov muag teev ntawm cov qoob loo ua liaj ua teb [14]. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev kis kab mob yog cov av tsis huv, cov thawv ntoo, thiab cov khoom ntim khoom [14]. Rau qhov kev ncua deb, cov kab tsuag tuaj yeem kis tau nrog rau cov dej ntws los yog cov dej nag los ntawm cua mus rau cov neeg nyob sib ze [14].
Stem nematodes yog endoparasites nyob hauv cov ntaub so ntswg (cov hauv paus, tubers, rhizomes, qhov muag teev) [10, 14]. Ob leeg txiv neej thiab poj niam rhuav tshem cov phab ntsa ntawm tes thaum lawv pub mis [10] Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb British, fertility D. dipsaci tuaj yeem ncav cuag 500 qe rau ib tug poj niam [10]. Cov qia nematode tuaj yeem mob siab rau feem ntau yog plaub lub hnub qub larvae rau ntau xyoo [10]. Cov neeg laus thiab cov qe muaj peev xwm overwinter nyob rau hauv cov av los yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag [14]. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, larvae hatch los ntawm cov qe, uas tam sim ntawd colonize tsim tswv tsev nroj tsuag; kab tsuag nkag mus rau qos tubers los ntawm lentils [14]. Nws tau raug sau tseg tias nematode tuaj yeem pub rau ntawm mycelium ntawm ntau cov fungi, suav nrog Alternari a sib hloov и A. solani ua [ kaum plaub]. Plaub instar larvae D. dipsaci (Tsis zoo li D. tus rhuav tshem) kom muaj sia nyob hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo tsim cov pawg ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag (lub npe hu ua "nematode wool") [10]. Nematodes rov ua haujlwm dua tom qab "wool" ntub [10]. Hauv cov av ntub dej, lawv tuaj yeem nyob twj ywm hauv qhov tsis muaj cov nroj tsuag ntau tshaj ib xyoos [10].
Cov tsos mob ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm kab tsuag yog ntau haiv neeg.
Raws li txoj cai, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom txiav txim siab tias cov nroj tsuag cuam tshuam los ntawm nematode los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov qos yaj ywm (tshwj tsis yog qhov tseeb tias cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj zog yog tsim los ntawm cov tubers hnyav heev, uas tuaj yeem tuag tom qab) [14]. Kev tawm tsam nematode thaum ntxov tuaj yeem tshawb pom los ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm daim tawv nqaij los ntawm tuber, nyob rau hauv uas nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom pom me me me me dawb nyob rau hauv cov nqaij mos. Tom qab ntawd, cov pob no nce, tsaus nti, thiab cov ntaub so ntswg tau txais ib qho kev ntxhib los mos [14]. Yog hais tias cov tubers khaws cia rau hauv cov av noo, lawv yuav rot thiab tus kab mob nematode yuav kis mus rau lwm cov tubers.
Ntawm cov tubers cuam tshuam loj heev, me ntsis kev nyuaj siab yog tsim, uas cov kab nrib pleb, thiab tev yog wrinkled, muaj zog nyob ib sab ntawm lub pulp [14]. Cov nqaij yuav qhuav, hloov xim: los ntawm grey mus rau tsaus xim av los yog txawm dub. Kev hloov xim feem ntau yog los ntawm cov kab mob thib ob (fungi, kab mob thiab cov nematodes dawb nyob) [14].
Thaum swb lawm D. dipsaci Cov kab nrib pleb tsis tsim rau ntawm tubers, tab sis tsaus-xim rot kis los ntawm cov nqaij hauv lub cev. Cov saum yog shortened thiab deformed.
Cov nematode kuj ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau lwm cov qoob loo.
Nyob rau hauv lub cuam tshuam seedlings thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas dos nroj tsuag, lub hauv paus ntawm qia swells, nplooj yog khoov thiab twisted [10]. Cov ntaub so ntswg cuam tshuam los ntawm nematode muaj ib qho kev ntxhib los mos [10]. Nroj tsuag rot nyob rau theem av. Tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov nroj tsuag los ntawm nematode tej zaum yuav mus tsis tau pom, tab sis xws li qhov muag teev maj mam rot nyob rau hauv cia.
Cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov kab mob qab zib beet swells thiab tau txais ib qho kev ntxhib los mos [10]. Galls tuaj yeem tsim, ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev loj hlob, cov ntaub so ntswg deformed los yog tuag, ua rau curvature ntawm apex thiab tsim ntawm cov nplooj me me. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg, lub galls rot vim ob pathogens.
Bean puas feem ntau manifests nws tus kheej li qia discoloration [10].
Hauv cov nroj tsuag oat, lub hauv paus ntawm qia swells, nplooj tig daj ntseg, curl thiab luv.
Txiav txim siab tias D. tus rhuav tshem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kub ntawm 15-20 ° C thiab txheeb ze av noo siab tshaj 90% [14].
Nws tau raug pov thawj tias stolons thiab cov hauv paus hniav ntawm qos yaj ywm nroj tsuag muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua thaum lub qia nematode puas lawm. rhizoctonia solani ua [14] Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua, nws tau pom tias muaj cov nematodes hauv cov av ua rau muaj kaum npaug ntawm cov kab mob uas ua rau cov ceg dub ntawm cov qos yaj ywm, yog li ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov kab mob. kab mob. Cov kab mob nkag mus rau hauv cov nroj tsuag los ntawm qhov txhab los ntawm nematodes [9]
Txhawm rau txo qhov teeb meem ntawm qia nematodes, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau siv cov txheej txheem ua ib feem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag, vam khom feem ntau ntawm kev siv kev noj qab haus huv (dawb los ntawm kab tsuag) noob thiab cog cov khoom thiab siv cov qoob loo ntev. .
Rau kev tua kab mob hauv av nrog cov kab mob hauv av, phytonematodes thiab cov nroj tsuag, nws raug nquahu kom tseb, zom thiab sib xyaw cov qoob loo biofumigating rau hauv av (sarepta mustard (brassica juncea), common radish (raphanus sativ), arugula (Eruca sativa) [1] ib. Isothiocyanates, tsim thaum lub sij hawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hlwb ntawm cov nroj tsuag no, inhibit cellular respiration thiab lwm yam dej num, feem ntau nyob rau hauv qos cyst nematodes. Lawv provoke qhov tso tawm ntawm larvae los ntawm lub qe, cysts nyob rau hauv tsis muaj ib tug haum hosting nroj tsuag. Larvae, nrhiav tsis tau cov nroj tsuag tsim nyog, tuag. Cov thev naus laus zis rau kev loj hlob thiab siv cov qoob loo biofumigating tau piav qhia hauv cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias teb sab [5, 1].
Raws li kev siv tshuaj, hauv ntau lub tebchaws EU, kev tso cai rau Vidat (a.i. oxamil) ua cov tshuaj nematicide thiab tshuaj tua kab siv tau txog thaum 31.01.2023/20/10 [4,4]. Raws li EU Database, nws raug pom zoo kom cog cov tshuaj granules mus rau qhov tob ntawm 5,0 cm ntawm ib koob ntawm 20-0,01 kg / ha, nyob ntawm seb hom av [20]. Raws li European cov ntaub ntawv, qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai cov ntsiab lus ntawm oxamyl residues nyob rau hauv qos yaj ywm yog XNUMX mg / kg [XNUMX].
Cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv tau hais kom siv Nematorin 10 G (a.i. phosphiazat) thiab Velum Prime (a.i. fluopyram) ua lwm yam nematicides [1]. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias Nematorin 10 G yog siv los tiv thaiv qos yaj ywm cyst nematodes thiab dawb-nyob nematodes teej tug mus rau pp. Trichodorus и Paratrichodorus, uas yog tus nqa ntawm tus kab mob luam yeeb rattle [1]. Hauv EU cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj tua kab, phosphiasate twb tau sau npe hauv ntau lub tebchaws EU (los ntawm 01.01.2004/31.10.2022/20 txog 3/20/0,02) raws li ib tug nematicide tiv thaiv cyst nematodes thiab gall nematodes [20]. Raws li EU cov lus pom zoo, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm phosphiazat daim ntawv thov yog XNUMX kg / ha thaum cog rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav [XNUMX]. Raws li European cov ntaub ntawv, qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov seem ntawm phosphiasate nyob rau hauv qos yaj ywm yog XNUMX mg / kg [XNUMX]. Nyob rau hauv Russia, no active tshuaj tseem tsis tau sau npe.
Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, kev sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj Velum Prime tau tshaj tawm, uas yog npaj los txhawm rau phytoparasitic nematodes, nrog rau ntau yam kab mob: dawb xeb, alternaria, powdery mildew thiab verticillium. Fluopyram yog FRAC pawg 7 fungicide. Hauv EU database, fluopyram tau sau npe ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob [20].
Raws li EU cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj tua kab ua cov tshuaj nematicide ntawm dib thiab carrots los ntawm 01.10.2013/30.09.2023/XNUMX txog XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. sau npe kab mob kev npaj Bacillus ua firmus Ib-1582 [20]. On dib thiab carrots Bacillus lub cev I-1582 tsis tsim kom muaj cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom seem thiab lub sijhawm tos [20], uas tso cai rau peb los txiav txim siab tias nws yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv uas siv rau hauv kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo hauv av tiv thaiv thiab, tejzaum nws, rau kev tsim cov khoom organic thiab kev tsim khoom noj rau menyuam yaus. Hauv tebchaws Russia, cov tshuaj no tseem tsis tau sau npe.
Cov nceb kuj tau sau npe hauv EU Purpureocillium yog ib qho khoom noj khoom haus licacinum lus 251 [20]. Kev siv tshuaj tau tso cai los ntawm 01.08.2008/31.07.2022/20 txog XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. nyob rau hauv ob peb lub teb chaws EU ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov qoob loo nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab qhib av [XNUMX]. Ntawm cov qos yaj ywm, nws raug nquahu kom sib ntaus sib tua Pratylenchus spp., nrog CCN (balloon ib.) [20]. Kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev qhia cov tshuaj rau hauv cov av yog qhov nyuaj, thiab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov kab mob fungus yog nyob ntawm thaj chaw ib puag ncig [20].
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias tsis muaj qos yaj ywm ntau yam uas tiv taus qia nematodes ntawm genus. Ditylenchus.
Raws li cov ntsiab lus saum toj no, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov qia nematode ntawm qos yaj ywm raws li ib feem ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev sib koom ua ke yog:
- siv cov noob qos yaj ywm noj qab nyob zoo;
- qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev sib hloov ntev ntawm cov qoob loo sib hloov, uas tso cai rau txo cov kab mob ntawm daim teb nrog cov qia nematode. Nws yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account tias qee cov kab lis kev cai tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau hom nematodes ntawm genus. Ditylenchus, piv txwv li: liab thiab dawb clover, qej thiab dos [13];
- tswj cov nroj tsuag thiab "cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem pab dawb" ntawm qos yaj ywm: ntau hom nroj tsuag ua lwm hom nroj tsuag rau nematode;
- tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov ntim khoom, cov khoom siv thiab cov khw muag qos yaj ywm nrog cov tshuaj tua kab lees paub. Qhov ntau thiab cov kev cai rau kev siv cov neeg sawv cev no tau muab rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias teb sab [2], nrog rau cov qauv ntawm European thiab Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) hauv cov ntawv txhais lus [3].
- av biofumigation nrog biofumigating qoob loo los ntawm tsev neeg cruciferous (sarepta mustard (Brassica juncea), arugula (Eruca sativ), common radish (Cov Raphanus sativus) [1] ib.
- daim ntawv thov ntawm calcium chiv thaum cog thiab thaum lub sij hawm loj tuber teeb, vim muaj calcium txaus txaus ntawm cov qoob loo ua liaj ua teb pab tsim ib tug ntom nroj cell phab ntsa, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau lub nematode rau nkag mus rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, thiab kuj tsub kom cov nroj tsuag. tsis kam ntawm qos yaj ywm rau kev raug mob thiab kab mob blackleg [4].
- tswj cov qib ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov av nrog lub qia nematode (ua ntej sowing thiab cog qoob loo, nws raug nquahu kom soj ntsuam cov av hauv chav kuaj). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kab mob loj heev, xws li teb tsis tuaj yeem siv los cog qoob loo uas raug rau qia nematode. Txhawm rau txo nws cov kab mob, nws raug nquahu kom siv nematicides - ua ib feem ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev sib koom ua ke, ua raws li cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg kom raug thiab raws sijhawm ntawm cov seem ntawm nematicides thiab lawv cov ntim, tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm cov dej thiab cov dej saum npoo av. Kev siv cov nematicides kom zoo yuav txo qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov av thiab dej micro- thiab macrobiota.
Duab los ntawm Maria Kuznetsova, VNIIF
Cov duab tau lees paub los ntawm British Commonwealth International Center for Agricultural thiab Biological Sciences (CABI) thiab muab tso rau hauv CABI Compendium of Invasive Species (14)
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