Los ntawm magazine: No. 4 2016
Qeb: Cov kws tshaj lij kev sib tham
Yu.A. Masyuk, O.V. Abashkin, L.Ya. Kostina, Yus P. Boyko, G.V. Grigoriev,
O.A. Starovoitova, D.V. Abrosimov, E.V. Aws, O.A. Aleksyutina, All-Lavxias Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Qos Ua liaj ua teb
Ntau tus neeg tau pom cov kab me me, tsis yooj yim ya los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw nrog cov lus hais, iridescent golden ob lub qhov muag, uas lawv tau txais lub npe Lavxias "lacewings." Cov neeg laus lacewings feem ntau ya mus rau hauv tsev, nkag rau ntawm iav lossis zaum ntawm phab ntsa. Cov kab no muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim Neuroptera (Neuroptera), tsev neeg ntawm lacewings = Chrysopidae.
Kwv yees li 6000 hom lacewings tau piav qhia hauv ntiaj teb fauna. Cov neeg laus kab (imago) ncav cuag qhov ntev ntawm 6 mus rau 180 mm. Lawv ob lub qhov muag yog qhov nyuaj, tsim tau zoo, thiab nyiam mloog nrog lawv qhov loj me thiab xim hlau luster. Lub qhov ncauj ntawm lacewings yog ib hom gnawing. Cov tis feem ntau yog pob tshab, tab sis nyob rau hauv qee hom kab mob yav qab teb lawv pom. Nyob rau hauv lub tis muaj ntau longitudinal thiab transverse leeg, tsim ib tug yam ntxwv qauv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug mesh, li no lub npe Lavxias teb sab - reticularis. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau hom, lub hind tis yog sib npaug ntawm qhov ntev mus rau pem hauv ntej tis, qee zaum luv dua lub tis pem hauv ntej, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lawv yog them nrog ib tug dawb txheej. Cov tsiaj no muaj ob peb leeg thiab lub cev me me. Lub lacewing kuj suav nrog lub ntiaj teb nto moo thiab yuav luag thoob plaws ntiaj teb faib kab Antlion (Myrmeleon formicarius L.), uas muaj lub puab tsaig muaj zog. Antlion larvae khawb funnels hauv xoob xuab zeb lossis av thiab pub rau cov kab uas yob rau hauv lawv, feem ntau yog ntsaum (li no lub npe). Muaj lacewing larvae uas nyob hauv dej thiab ua pa los ntawm gills. Nyob ntawd lawv tua cov kab me me thiab lawv cov larvae.
Persistent lacewings quav lawv pearlescent lossis iridescent tis nyob rau hauv ib lub ru tsev zoo li. Muaj lub teeb daj, ntsuab thiab xim av xim av.
Lacewings yog ib qho kev hem thawj rau ntau hom kab tsuag hauv vaj zaub, teb, orchards thiab hav zoov. Cov kab no feem ntau ua rau aphids, cov neeg nqa khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob kis kab mob, thiab kab laug sab mites, uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov nroj tsuag vaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv noj cov qe thiab cov menyuam yug tshiab ntawm ntau cov kab tsuag, suav nrog Colorado qos beetle. Lawv kuj noj cov kab ntsig uas yug tshiab ntawm cov kab me me thiab loj ntawm cov kab npauj npaim, nrog rau cov nyom thiab pob kws moths; ya larvae thiab tshiab moulted beetles uas tseem tsis tau matured tom qab molting, herbivorous kab, sawflies thiab thrips. Cov neeg laus lacewings kuj pub rau nectar thiab paj ntoos, pollinating flowering nroj tsuag
Lacewings yog ib qho ntawm thawj zaug yuav tsum tau bred en masse los tiv thaiv tsev cog khoom nroj tsuag los ntawm kab tsuag, feem ntau tawm tsam aphids. Cov txheej txheem rau lawv qhov loj me me hauv chav kuaj thiab kev lag luam tau tsim. Rau kev yug me nyuam, natural populations ntawm pearl lacewing = Chrysopus pearl hom tau siv. (Chrysopa perla Steph.), Suav lacewing = Chrysopa sinica Tj, Zoo nkauj lacewing = Taiwanese lacewing = Chrysopa formosa Br, Common lacewing = Chrysopa vulgaris = Chrysopa carnea Steph. = Chrysopa vulgaria Schn .) thiab Lacewing xya-spotted = Chrysopus. (Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm.).
Cov kab cog qoob loo raug tso tawm rau hauv tsev cog khoom thiab teb txhawm rau tiv thaiv aphids thiab lwm yam kab me me.
Feem ntau ntawm lacewing hom nyob hauv tropics. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, feem ntau yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg Chrysopidae nrog tib genus Chrysopidae - txog 10 hom nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Cov no zoo nkauj me me (lub cev ntev ntawm 6 mus rau 25 hli, wingspan los ntawm 19 mus rau 50 mm) cov kab ya nrog lub davhlau tsis muaj zog.
Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob txhua qhov chaw. Lawv nquag nquag thaum tsaus ntuj thiab hmo ntuj, ya mus rau lub teeb. Poj niam lacewings nteg oval, lub teeb ntsuab qe, nyob ib leeg los yog nyob rau hauv ib pawg ntawm kuj siab (ntau ntev tshaj li tej yam ntuj tso cov plaub hau) nyias nyias stems, feem ntau nyob rau hauv qab ntawm nplooj, feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas aphids kis, qhov twg lawv larvae pib yos hav zoov tam sim ntawd. tom qab hatching (tsis txhob yuav tsis meej pem nrog aphid qe, uas tsis zaum ntawm stems, tab sis pw ze rau hauv qab ntawm nplooj). Cov poj niam nyob li ob lub hlis thiab nteg txog 800 qe txhua. Cov larvae yog elongated fusiform nrog lub puab tsaig ntev ntev. Nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm cov larvae ntawm ntau hom muaj ib tug qauv uas muaj cov kab txaij tsaus nti thiab me ntsis. Hauv qee hom, sab nraub qaum yog npog nrog cov ntaub thaiv xoob ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov kab uas lawv tau noj los yog los ntawm cov nplooj qhuav, cov tawv ntoo thiab lwm cov nroj tsuag khib nyiab. Cov larvae loj hlob nyob rau hauv peb lub hnub qub, tom qab uas lawv pupate openly ntawm cov nroj tsuag, nyob rau hauv lub bark ntawm ntoo, los yog nyob rau hauv lub nto txheej ntawm cov av. Lacewings mus rau lub caij ntuj no ntawm prepupa theem nyob rau hauv silky, puag ncig, ntom, silver-dawb los yog lub teeb grey cocoons. Qee zaum cov neeg laus kab overwinter.
Cov tib neeg hom ntawm lacewings txawv qhov loj, xim ntawm cov tis thiab lawv cov leeg, qhov pubescence ntawm tis, thiab cov qauv ntawm lub taub hau thiab lub cev. Muaj cov hom tsiaj uas nyuaj-rau-qib qhov txawv uas tsuas tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau los ntawm kev kawm txog lawv txoj kev noj qab haus huv, kev coj tus cwj pwm, nyiam qhov chaw nyob ecological thiab ntau yam ntawm cov tsiaj txhu uas lawv noj.
Cov nram qab no hom lacewings muaj nyob rau hauv peb latitudes:
Abbreviation lacewing = Chrysopa abbreviata Curt. Muaj ib qho chaw tsaus nyob rau sab hauv ntawm lub kav hlau txais xov. Muaj ib kab txaij tsaus nyob rau sab nraum lub taub hau. Tus neeg hla-veins ntawm tis yog dub.
Altai lacewing = Chrysopa altaica Holz. Cov sutures ntawm lub thorax thiab thawj ntu ntawm lub plab yog tsaus dua thiab sawv tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm lub cev. Muaj qhov tsaus nti ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm ob txhais ceg pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau hauv tsos nws txawv me ntsis ntawm Lacewing commata. Cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus kab noj cov nectar thiab paj ntoos (ntxiv khoom noj khoom haus) thiab yog cov nroj tsuag pollinators, feem ntau predators. Prepupae overwinter nyob rau hauv mos cocoons.
Lacewing astarte = Chrysopa astarta Holz. Muaj cov pob liab liab ntawm lub taub hau. Antennae nyob rau sab ntawm lub crown nrog ib tug reddish tint. Cov hlab ntsha ntawm cov tis yog tsaus nti raws ntug.
Lacewing Valkyrie = Chrysopa walker McL. Tshaj tawm txhua qhov chaw, tshwj tsis yog hauv Far North, Far East thiab Central Asian koom pheej. Cov hlab ntsha ntawm cov hlab ntsha yog dub tsuas yog ntawm cov npoo, qee qhov ntawm lawv yog ntsuab.
Lacewing viridana = Chrysopa viridana Schn. Tshaj tawm hauv thaj tsam steppe ntawm Russia thiab hauv cov koom pheej ntawm Central Asia. Nyob rau hauv lub taub hau muaj me ntsis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm brownish longitudinal kab txaij.
Lacewing cov = Chrysopa hummei Tjed. Cov sutures ntawm lub thorax thiab thawj ntu ntawm lub plab yog tsaus dua thiab sawv tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm lub cev. Muaj qhov tsaus nti ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm ob txhais ceg pem hauv ntej.
Dasiptera lacewing = Chrysopa dasyptera McL. Muab faib rau hauv cov koom pheej ntawm Transcaucasia thiab Caucasus, sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab cheeb tsam ntawm Kazakhstan, thiab cov koom pheej ntawm Central Asia. Lub crown yog ib xim. Cov tis yog densely npog nrog cov plaub hau. Cov neeg laus kab yog predatory.
Dubitan lacewing = Chrysopa dubitans McL. Lub casing (hauv pliaj) yog ib xim. Muaj ob qhov tsaus nti oval me ntsis ntawm lub crown. Lub claws ntawm tarsi yog heev nthuav nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus. Cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus kab noj cov nectar thiab paj ntoos (ntxiv khoom noj khoom haus) thiab yog cov nroj tsuag pollinators, feem ntau predators. Prepupae overwinter nyob rau hauv mos cocoons. Pom tau ntawm cov qoob loo.
Pearl hlua = Chrysopa perla Steph. Tshaj tawm txhua qhov chaw tshwj tsis yog Central Asian koom pheej. Nyob rau hauv Far East nws nyob hauv Khabarovsk Territory. Cov hlab ntsha ntawm cov tis yog dub tag; cov leeg leeg tsuas yog dub ntawm lub hauv paus. Cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus kab noj cov nectar thiab paj ntoos (ntxiv khoom noj khoom haus) thiab yog cov nroj tsuag pollinators, feem ntau predators. Prepupae overwinter nyob rau hauv mos cocoons.
Green lacewing = Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesm. Muaj cov pob dub ntawm lub taub hau. Cov kav hlau txais xov yog xim ntsuab. Tus ntoo khaub lig-veins ntawm tis tsis yog txhua qhov tsaus ntuj. Zuag (gonocrista) nrog cov hniav loj. Cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus kab noj cov nectar thiab paj ntoos (ntxiv khoom noj khoom haus) thiab yog cov nroj tsuag pollinators, feem ntau predators. Prepupae overwinter nyob rau hauv mos cocoons.
Lacewing intimate = Chrysopa intima MсL. Cov qauv ntawm lub taub hau zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm tsab ntawv X. Cov txiv neej muaj kab txaij tsaus nti ntawm ob sab ntawm lub pronotum. Cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus kab noj cov nectar thiab paj ntoos thiab yog cov nroj tsuag pollinators thiab predators. Prepupae overwinter nyob rau hauv mos cocoons
Suav lacewing = Chrysopus chinica/Chrysopa sinica Tj. Lub pronotum nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej muaj cov kab txaij tsaus nti ntawm ob sab. Cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus kab noj nectar thiab paj ntoos.
Zoo nkauj lacewing = Taiwanese lacewing = Chrysopa Formosa Br. Muab faib rau hauv hav zoov-steppe, non-chernozem, steppe aav; nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj; Ural; nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Siberia thiab Transbaikalia; nyob rau hauv Far East; nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Transcaucasia thiab lub Caucasus; nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Central Asia. Lub nraub qaum ntawm lub taub hau thiab kav hlau txais xov yog tib xim. Cov tis veins yog dub, cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus kab noj cov nectar thiab paj ntoos (ntxiv khoom noj khoom haus) thiab yog cov nroj tsuag pollinators, feem ntau predators. Prepupae overwinter nyob rau hauv mos cocoons. Pom tau ntawm zaub thiab melons.
Lacewing commata = Chrysopa commata Kiss et Uj. Cov sutures ntawm lub thorax thiab thawj ntu ntawm lub plab yog tsaus dua thiab sawv tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm lub cev. Muaj qhov tsaus nti ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm ob txhais ceg pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau hauv tsos nws txawv me ntsis ntawm Altai lacewing. Cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus kab noj cov nectar thiab paj ntoos (ntxiv khoom noj khoom haus) thiab yog cov nroj tsuag pollinators, feem ntau predators. Prepupae overwinter nyob rau hauv mos cocoons.
Lacewing magnicuda = Chrysopa magnicauda Tj. Lub zuag muaj cov hniav me me. Cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus kab noj cov nectar thiab paj ntoos (ntxiv khoom noj khoom haus) thiab yog cov nroj tsuag pollinators, feem ntau predators. Prepupae overwinter nyob rau hauv mos cocoons.
Lacewing nigricostat = Chrysopa nigricostata Br. Tshaj tawm hauv thaj chaw hav zoov-steppe, thaj chaw uas tsis yog-chernozem, thaj tsam steppe ntawm Russia thiab hauv cov koom pheej ntawm Central Asia. Muaj me me oval me ntsis ntawm lub taub hau. Cov kav hlau txais xov yog txiv kab ntxwv.
Lacewing = Chrysopa vulgaris = Chrysopa carnea/Chrysopa carnea Steph. = Chrysopa vulgaria Schn. Tshaj tawm txhua qhov chaw tshwj tsis yog Sakhalin thiab Kuril Islands. Lub taub hau yog ib xim. Cov clypeus thiab lub puab tsaig yog bordered nrog dub, feem ntau nrog ib tug reddish tint, plaub hau. Lub transverse stepped leeg ntawm tis yog ntsuab. Lub pronotum ntawm cov txiv neej yog uniformly xim ntawm ob sab. Cov neeg laus kab overwinter. Cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus noj nectar thiab paj ntoos ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab yog pollinators. Cov neeg laus kab overwinter.
Xya-spotted lacewing = Chrysopus septempunktata. / Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm. Muab faib rau txhua qhov chaw. Muaj xya qhov chaw ntawm lub taub hau, uas txawv nws ntawm lwm hom ntawm lacewing thiab predetermined nws lub npe. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub kav hlau txais xov thiab hauv qab lub kav hlau txais xov tsis tshua pom thiab tuaj yeem sib xyaw rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau. Lub cev yog ib xim. Loj dua lwm hom ntawm no genus. Cov larvae yog predatory. Cov neeg laus kab noj cov nectar thiab paj ntoos (ntxiv khoom noj khoom haus) thiab yog cov nroj tsuag pollinators, feem ntau predators. Prepupae overwinter nyob rau hauv mos cocoons.
Sogdinica lacewing = Chrysopa sogdinica McL. Tshaj tawm hauv cov koom pheej ntawm Central Asia. Muaj plaub qhov me me ntawm lub kaus mom. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub kav hlau txais xov yog ib xim. Cov hom tau kawm me ntsis.
Txij li thaum 2014, tus naj npawb ntawm lacewings nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow tau nce ntau. Qhov no coincided nrog ib txhij nce nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm aphids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txiv duaj aphids, uas, vim huab cua sov, tawm los ntawm greenhouses thiab nthuav dav nyob rau hauv lub teb. Jerusalem artichoke nroj tsuag yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus nyiam rau lacewings, qhov twg ntau cov kab me me yog tsom rau saum thiab paj, ua zaub mov rau lawv.
Lacewings yog rhiab heev rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab, yog li koj yuav tsum tau mus rau txoj kev tswj no tsuas yog thaum huab cua avalanche-zoo li ntxeem tau ntawm cov kab tsuag.