Los ntawm magazine: No. 4 2016
Qeb: Recycling
Semyon Ganich, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Dry Food LLC
Txhua xyoo, kev ua liaj ua teb ua liaj ua teb ntsib teeb meem ntawm kev khaws cia thiab kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom cog. Kev siv cov kev daws teeb meem tsis zoo feem ntau ua rau muaj teeb meem tshwj xeeb. Ntawm qee cov liaj teb, txog li 50% ntawm cov qoob loo tau siv.
Cia peb nco ntsoov. Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los khaws zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog lub cev qhuav dej los yog, ua kom qhuav. Ntau lub tebchaws Soviet ib zaug tau ua cov nroj tsuag kom qhuav me me rau kev ua cov khoom tsis zoo. Hmoov tsis zoo, yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi sab laug ntawm kev ziab khaub ncaws hauv Lavxias Federation, tshwj tsis yog rau lub koom haum ntawm Canning thiab ziab ziab (nrog rau kev zam ntawm ob peb lub chaw ua haujlwm me me). Tab sis "qhov chaw dawb huv yeej tsis muaj qhov khoob." Lub tshuab nqus tsev no tau pib ua kom puv nrog cov khoom tuaj ntawm Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb, Poland, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias muaj kev thov tsis tu ncua rau cov zaub qhuav hauv Lavxias Federation.
Kev thov
Txhua xyoo ntshuam ntawm cov khoom qhuav rau hauv Lavxias Federation, raws li kev lis kev cai txheeb cais, yog 189 txhiab tons. Qhov no ntws mus qhov twg?
Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub sij hawm tam sim no yog kev loj hlob sai ntawm pej xeem catering system. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khw noj mov, cafes, thiab ntau yam khoom noj ceev tau loj tuaj. Ntxiv rau, catering rau sanatorium-resort, kho mob, kev kawm, kev lag luam thiab lwm yam lag luam thiab cov koom haum. Thiab txhua qhov chaw muaj kev xav tau zaub qhuav.
Cais, nws tsim nyog hais txog kev ua lag luam rau cov tuam ntxhab ntawm cov khoom lag luam tam sim thiab cov khoom noj tam sim. Kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom noj ntuj concentrates thiab cov zaub mov tam sim yog ua nyob rau hauv cov hauv qab no:
- cov pejxeem;
- Cov neeg siv khoom tshwj xeeb (cov koom haum tub ceev xwm, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Defense, GUIN, thiab lwm yam)
- pej xeem catering system, incl. social sphere (canteens ntawm tsev kawm ntawv, kindergartens, universities, tsev kho mob, thiab lwm yam);
- kev tsim khoom noj khoom haus (kev tsim cov khoom noj hauv kaus poom, cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab dej qab zib, cov khoom lag luam rau cov neeg ncaws pob, ci, khoom noj khoom haus, thiab lwm yam);
- trading tuam txhab.
Cov theem ntawm kev thov rau cov zaub qhuav nrog xws li cov khoom ntim ntawm no yog qhov nyuaj rau overestimate.
Cov neeg Lavxias puas tuaj yeem "yeej" lub niche los ntawm cov neeg xa khoom txawv teb chaws? Kuv paub tseeb tias cov tuam txhab tsim khoom hauv tsev yuav tsum tau ntsib ntau yam haujlwm nyuaj hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov. Hauv qhov no, txhua yam yog qhov yooj yim: nqa nws thiab muaj sushi!
Tshuab ziab khaub ncaws
Muaj ntau ntau hom kev ua kom lub cev qhuav dej ntawm cov khoom uas muaj dej noo: convective drying, nqus tsev vacuum-sublimation, infrared, microwave drying.
Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau hom yog convective ziab.
Cov cheeb tsam hauv qab no yuav tsum tau muab rau hauv kev cob qhia ntau lawm rau hom ziab no:
- rau khaws cia ib yam khoom ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav npaj lub uninterrupted lag luam ntawm kev ua ntau lawm;
- npaj cov ntaub ntawv raw rau kev ua haujlwm (ntxuav, txiav);
- ncaj qha ziab compartment;
- qhov chaw rau warehouses thiab cia cov khoom tiav;
- cov chaw tsim khoom pabcuam.
Kab lus no tsis yog lub hom phiaj los nthuav tawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tsim khoom. Tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau ib zaug ntxiv hais txog qhov yooj yim ntawm cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab.
Cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam rau ziab txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub yog qhov zoo, tab sis tsis yog tus qauv zoo li (loj) cov khoom seem ntawm cov khoom lag luam los ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom thiab cov chaw xa khoom. Tau kawg, yog tias koj siv koj cov qoob loo, koj muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem tswj hwm qib ntawm cov dej noo hauv cov ntaub ntawv raw los ntawm kev xaiv ntau yam nrog cov ntsiab lus qhuav qhuav tshaj plaws rau cog. Qhov siab dua cov ntsiab lus qhuav qhuav, qhov ntau dua cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom tiav thiab qhov nthuav dav ntawm kev lag luam ntawm ntau lawm.
Yog tias koj npaj ntau lawm raws li cov khoom siv raw khoom, koj yuav tsum tau kho cov nqi yuav khoom nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom pib thiab cov khoom lag luam kwv yees.
Economics ntawm qhov project
Kev lag luam ntawm ziab yog, ntawm chav kawm, xam tus kheej. Ntau yam nyob ntawm qhov ntim ntawm ntau lawm, cov cuab yeej siv, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab cov peev txheej hauv ib cheeb tsam.
Muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv rau kev tsim khoom: mini-rhiav nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 100 kg / teev rau cov khoom siv raw; nruab nrab muaj peev xwm rhiav - los ntawm 1 tuj / teev; high-power rhiav - 1,5-3 tons ib teev ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv (qhov no yog lub feem ntau kim project). Cov tuam txhab tsim khoom ntau dua yuav tsum tau them nqi ntau dua rau kev thauj mus los thiab cov khoom lag luam logistics. Txheej txheem qhov twg koj loj hlob.
Raws li kev xyaum qhia, nrog rau lub koom haum ntawm kev ua haujlwm kom zoo, cov khoom lag luam ntawm ob qho tib si loj thiab me me muaj kev sib tw ntawm tus nqi.
Txawm hais tias koj tsis tuaj yeem tsom mus rau tus nqi qis xwb. Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum lub lag luam, tau txais kev cawmdim ntawm qee yam khoom siv lossis thev naus laus zis, qhov tseeb tau txais cov khoom lag luam uas tsis xav tau ntawm kev ua lag luam.
Cia kuv muab piv txwv rau koj (tsis muaj npe ntawm lub tuam txhab). Lub tuam txhab X tau yuav, txawm tias tsis yog tshiab, lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws European uas muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo. Kuv txiav txim siab ncua kev yuav khoom ntawm cov zaub txiav. Yog li ntawd, cov yam ntxwv ntawm organoleptic ntawm cov khoom tiav ua raws li GOST cov qauv, thiab cov duab torn ntawm qhov txiav tsis txaus siab rau ib qho ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.
Qhov ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem loj thaum kev teeb tsa kev cob qhia yog tsis saib xyuas cov thev naus laus zis pom zoo. Ntau dhau frugality nyob rau theem ntawm kev tsim cov kab ntau lawm yog ib qho genetic yuam kev ntawm cov tswv yim. Tau kawg, txhua yam nyob ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm; peb raug yuam ua haujlwm hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov peev txheej tsawg. Tab sis nws yog qhov zoo dua los xaiv ib txoj kab nrog cov khoom lag luam qis, tab sis nrog cov khoom sib npaug thiab cov khoom siv zoo.
Lwm qhov nyuaj yog xaiv cov khoom siv rau kev ua haujlwm. Muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ob peb qhov kev lag luam hauv Lavxias. Thaum siv tej yaam num los npaj kom qhuav qhuav, peb raug yuam kom sau, xws li cov hlaws dai rau hauv cov hlaws dai, cov khoom siv los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv thiab txawv teb chaws. Thiab tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus no ib tug unified mechanism rau ib tug tas mus li txheej txheem.
Thaum txiav txim siab los npaj kev ziab qhuav, nug koj tus kheej cov lus nug thawj zaug:
- Dab tsi yog cov peev txheej uas kuv twb muaj (lossis muaj): thaj chaw, roj av, dej thiab dej phwj tuaj, hluav taws xob?
- Cov khoom siv raw li cas (tus kheej lossis yuav) nyob rau hauv 200 km vojvoog?
- Cov peev nyiaj twg kuv tuaj yeem muab rau kev tsim khoom?
- Lub sijhawm twg kuv xav ua kuv qhov project?
Tom qab teb cov lus nug no, koj tuaj yeem pib sib tham nrog cov khoom siv lossis nrog cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm cov tuam txhab engineering tshwj xeeb hauv kev lag luam no.
Cais, txog carrots
Carrots niaj hnub no yog ib qho ntawm cov zaub ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib tw ntxiv rau cov neeg siv khoom, cov khw muag khoom thiab cov chains muab cov khoom tshiab: ntawm cov rhawv koj tuaj yeem yooj yim nrhiav tau ntxuav, boiled carrots, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ntawm ib sab, muag nqi ntawm cov khoom nce, tab sis, ntawm lwm yam, cov kev xav tau rau cov neeg muag khoom. Cov neeg siv khoom xav tau ntau dua "tus qauv", "zoo nkauj" txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Tus neeg yuav khoom tsawg dua thiab tsis kam yuav cov carrots uas tsis ua raws li nws qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau qhov loj thiab qhov pom. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm kev sau qoob loo (qee zaum txog li 50%) tseem tsis tau lees paub. Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog qhov no, cov neeg tsim khoom ntsib teeb meem ntawm tus nqi hloov pauv thiab khaws cia cov qoob loo cog. Yog li, thaum lub caij, tus nqi ntawm cov carrots nyoos txo qis, thiab txhawm rau khaws cov qoob loo loj hlob rau lub caij ntuj no thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav, kev nqis peev tseem ceeb hauv kev khaws cia yog xav tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, tau khaws cia cov qoob loo, cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsis tau txais cov txiaj ntsig uas xav tau, ntsib nrog kev sib tw los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom hauv lub tebchaws sab qab teb (Iran, Azerbaijan, thiab lwm yam).
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov neeg tsim khoom feem ntau, txhawm rau ua kom "rov qab" cov nyiaj siv rau kev loj hlob thiab sau qoob loo, raug yuam kom "tso" cov qoob loo rau cov muag khoom ntawm tus nqi qis.
Yuav ua li cas ua kom koj cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws thiab zam kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus nqi? Teeb tsa kev tsim khoom, uas yog, pib ziab carrots.
Nov yog qee qhov zoo ntawm qhov kev tsim khoom no: cov carrots qhuav tsis tas yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb cia thiab kev thauj mus los; lawv txo qis hauv ntim (txog 4 zaug) thiab hnyav (txog 8 zaug). Txee lub neej nce mus rau 3 xyoos, tsis tas siv cov tshuaj ntxiv. Muaj ib txwm muaj kev thov tsis tu ncua rau cov carrots qhuav; cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb yog kev lag luam. Txhawm rau tsim ib lub lag luam tsis xav tau kev nqis peev tseem ceeb, lub sijhawm them rov qab yog 1-2 lub caij.
Tam sim no, hauv paus, qhuav carrots yog imported los ntawm trading tuam txhab uas muag los ntawm txawv teb chaws, txawm hais tias muaj coob tus neeg tau txais kev pab xav nyob rau hauv kev yuav khoom domestic khoom. Qhov no txo lawv cov txiaj ntsig kev pheej hmoo, kev thauj mus los thiab kev thauj mus los, thiab kev cia siab ntawm cov khoom tiav.
Kev nqis peev yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Ntau lub tuam txhab loj tam sim no xav txog kev nqis peev lawv cov peev hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Cov lag luam uas tau paub txog kev ua cov khoom loj hlob, txawm tias me me, tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thaum xaiv cov phiaj xwm nyiaj txiag.