Los ntawm magazine: No. 3 2014
Qeb: Nyob rau hauv tsom
Boris Anisimov, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj Tag nrho-Lavxias tshawb fawb lub koom haum ntawm Qos liaj teb muaj npe tom qab. A.G. Lorja
Tsab xov xwm tham txog cov kev cai phytosanitary rau cov kab mob kis kab mob thiab kab mob, uas yuav tsum tau tswj nruj me ntsis hauv thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb cov noob qoob loo. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau txo qis qhov peev txheej thiab cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob, kev siv txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov phytopathogens hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm qub thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb.
Cov kab mob kis tau los ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic thiab cov kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm. Muaj ib qho kev lees paub feem ntau - qhov siab dua ntawm cov kab mob thauj khoom hauv qhov chaw uas cov noob qos yaj ywm loj hlob, qhov ntau dua qhov yuav kis tau tus kab mob. los ntawm noob thiab los ntawm av, thiab qhov teeb meem loj dua uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob no [1].
Hauv kev xyaum hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, qhov teeb meem no tau daws tau zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm kev tsim cov chaw tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb (cov cheeb tsam) nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm ntuj, huab cua thiab phytosanitary rau kev loj hlob noj qab haus huv (dawb los ntawm phytopathogens) noob qos yaj ywm. Kev tsim cov cheeb tsam zoo li no, qhov tseeb, dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm cov kab mob tsis muaj qos yaj ywm ntau lawm [2,3,4,5].
Paub zoo, piv txwv li, yog qhov kev vam meej ntawm kev tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb rau kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo zoo tshaj plaws hauv Finland, nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam uas muaj huab cua txias (Tyrnavä xeev), qhov twg cov qauv nruj dua rau cov kev cai phytosanitary tau ua. tau qhia hauv thaj chaw no. Ntawm qhov kev txaus siab ntawm qhov no yog qhov kev paub ntawm Great Britain, qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws hauv thaj chaw phytosanitary kuj tau txheeb xyuas hauv thaj av ntawm Scotland thiab Northern Ireland, uas tau muab rau EU tshwj xeeb. "Tsev mus rau kev loj hlob zoo tshaj plaws noob qos yaj ywm" (High Grade Seed Potato Region) [6,7].
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nyob rau hauv qee thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb kuj tau ua los ntawm kev tsim cov cheeb tsam zoo rau kev tsim cov noob qos yaj ywm, qhov chaw tswj hwm lub xeev nruj dua thiab kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis tus kab mob. los ntawm noob thiab los ntawm av [2,3,4].
Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kev coj noj coj ua ntawm phytosanitary tswj nyob rau hauv lub ciam teb ntawm xaiv noob-loj hlob thaj chaw, plaub pawg ntawm pathogenic khoom yog tshwj xeeb yog nruj me ntsis tswj:
- kab mob thiab kab tsuag ntawm quarantine tseem ceeb (qos yaj ywm cancer, xim av rot, qos yaj ywm cyst nematode);
- phytopathogenic kab mob kis los ntawm migratory aphid hom (Y- kab mob qos (YBK - ntau hom) A- kab mob qos (ABK), M-kav kab mob (MBK) thiab qos yaj ywm yob kab mob (PLV);
- Cov kab mob kis tau los ntawm av-dwelling nematodes thiab fungi (Qos yaj ywm sab saum toj panicle virus ("MOP-TOP") thiab haus luam yeeb rattle virus ("RETTL" virus);
- cov kab mob pathogenic ("dub ceg" thiab lub nplhaib rot ntawm tubers).
Kab mob thiab kab tsuag uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb cais tawm yog suav tias yog qhov txaus ntshai tshwj xeeb, yog li qhov ua tau ntawm lawv kis tau los ntawm cov khoom siv noob thiab los ntawm cov av hauv qhov chaw uas cov noob qos yaj ywm loj hlob yuav tsum raug cais tawm tag nrho.
Cov kev cai phytosanitary rau cov kab mob kis kab mob thiab kab mob yog tswj hwm los ntawm kev qhia txog kev tswj hwm kev kam rau ua nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb tam sim no thiab lub teb chaws zoo rau cov noob qos yaj ywm [8,9]. Feem ntau cov noob qos yaj ywm exporting lub teb chaws feem ntau tsis kam rau cov kab mob (Dickey/Pectobacterium spp., Clavibacter michiganensis). Kev kis kab mob ntawm cov khoom siv noob nrog cov kab mob nqa los ntawm migratory aphid hom yog tswj nruj me ntsis raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm tuber kuaj los ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv ncaj qha ntawm cov chav kawm SE (super elite), E (cov neeg tseem ceeb), A thiab B (1-2 kev yug me nyuam tom qab cov neeg tseem ceeb) siv. cov kev cai nruj nruj ntawm cov qauv (Table 1).
Table 1. Kev tswj kev ua siab ntev ntawm cov qauv rau kev kis kab mob ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm nkag mus rau kev lag luam hauv EU lub teb chaws (ELIZA test)
Hloov | Tolerances rau cov chav kawm / tiam ntawm noob qos yaj ywm, % | |||
SE | E1-3 | A1-2 | B | |
EC* | 4 | 10 | ||
UNECE ** | 2-4 (1-2) hnub. | 10 (5) | 10 | |
Lub teb chaws Yelemees ** | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | |
Holland | 0,5 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Finland *** | 0,5-1 | 4-10 | ||
Fabkis | 1 | 2 | 5 | |
Belgium | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
Bulgaria | 0,5 | 0,5-4 | 8 | 10 |
Czech koom pheej | 2 | 2-4 | 5-10 | 10 |
* Raws li EU Cov Lus Qhia 2002/56 thiab 93/17
** Qhov kam rau ua YVK
*** Ua siab ntev rau cov kab mob YVK+AVK
Cov qib ntawm cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob ntawm cov qos yaj ywm feem ntau yog nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntuj thiab huab cua ntawm thaj chaw. Nyob rau thaj tsam loj ntawm Russia, qos yaj ywm tuaj yeem loj hlob tau zoo yuav luag txhua qhov chaw, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoom sib tw zoo nkauj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas muaj kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo tsawg kawg ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov kab mob hnyav (mob) cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kab mob kis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog wrinkled thiab banded mosaic (YBK) thiab necrotic ringspot qos tubers (YВКNTN) (Daim duab 1).
Fig. 1 Cov tsos mob ntawm mob hnyav (mob) mosaic (YBK) thiab lub nplhaib qhov chaw ntawm qos tubers (YBKNTN) [9] ib.
Noj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam ntawm tej yam ntuj tso thiab climatic tej yam kev mob, raws li zoo raws li tej yam uas muaj zog tshaj qhov zoo ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lawv ntau lawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation, nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no peb muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv peb thaj chaw uas muaj kev sib txawv tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab Federation. theem ntawm tus kab mob load thiab tag nrho vector kev ua ntawm kab uas nqa tus kab mob.
Sab qaum teb thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub poob feem ntau suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev loj hlob zoo noob qos yaj ywm. Cov huab cua txias thaum lub caij loj hlob, nrog rau cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov kab kab, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo qis kev sib kis ntawm cov kab mob phem tshaj plaws. Lub caij loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no luv heev: los ntawm lig Tsib Hlis mus rau nruab nrab lub Cuaj Hli (100-110 hnub). Tab sis qhov ntev ntawm lub hnub, tus yam ntxwv ntawm sab qaum teb latitudes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv thawj zaug loj hlob lub caij, tsim zoo tej yam kev mob rau kev loj hlob sai thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, accelerated tuberization thiab qoob loo tsim. Cov xwm txheej no ua rau cov cheeb tsam no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev loj hlob zoo cov khoom siv noob.
Qhov nruab nrab ntawm Russia, suav nrog Central, Central Black Earth cheeb tsam, Middle Volga cheeb tsam, nrog rau Urals, Siberia, thiab Far East, txawm hais tias muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab av, feem ntau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov kab mob sib kis thiab muaj peev xwm. raug suav hais tias yog ib thaj chaw zoo heev nyob rau hauv phytosanitary cov ntsiab lus rau kev npaj koj tus kheej cov noob qos yaj ywm raws li kev cai ntawm cov qauv.
Qab teb thiab cheeb tsam South-East tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev loj hlob zoo cov khoom siv noob. Vim yog lub caij kub thiab qhuav qhuav thiab, raws li txoj cai, ib txwm muaj kev kis tus kab mob thiab tag nrho cov vector kev ua ntawm kab uas muaj kab mob (xws li cov roob thiab ko taw thaj tsam ntawm North Caucasus), tus nqi ntawm nce tus kab mob kis nrog rau txhua qhov chaw tom ntej yog ntau dua li hauv thaj chaw nyob rau sab qaum teb latitudes. Tus nqi siab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob no txo cov khoom tsim tau thiab ua rau cov noob zoo ntawm cov qos yaj ywm tom qab lub caij loj hlob thib ob, thiab nyob rau hauv ntau yam raug mob txawm tias tom qab thawj zaug.
Ib qho ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim cov noob qoob loo tshwj xeeb yog kev sib cais ntawm qhov chaw ntawm thaj av thaj av thaum tswj xyuas qhov tsim nyog tshem tawm cov khoom noj qab haus huv los ntawm txhua qhov chaw muaj kab mob kis tau (cog zaub mov, zaub zaub, tsev, thiab lwm yam). . Vim li no, nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb cog qoob loo, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej ua raws li cov qauv yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev sib cais rau cov pawg sib xws thiab cov chav kawm ntawm cov thawj thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm. Raws li cov tswv yim niaj hnub no hais txog cov txheej txheem thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib kis thiab kev sib kis ntawm cov kab mob phytopathogenic, nrog rau kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm lawv cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm cov qos yaj ywm, nws raug nquahu kom xyuas kom meej qhov deb ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm kis kab mob rau cov khoom siv noob ntawm thawj theem. kev yug me nyuam ntawm 500 m, tom ntej teb tiam ntawm 100 m (Table 2)
Table 2. Cov qauv ntawm kev sib cais spatial pom zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm qub thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb.
qeb | Класс | Rwb thaiv tsev |
Cov khoom nyoos | Loj hlob mini-tubers nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kis kab mob | Ncej lub caij ntuj sov tsev cog khoom nrog polycarbonate txheej, npog tunnels ua los ntawm lub teeb yuag cov ntaub ntawv |
Thawj noob qos yaj ywm | Field propagation (1-2 tiam) | 500 m nyob deb ntawm lwm cov noob qos yaj ywm |
Elite noob qos yaj ywm | Super elite thiab elite chaw zov me nyuam | Qhov deb ntawm 100 m los ntawm cov chav kawm qis ntawm cov noob thiab cog kev lag luam |
Feem ntau, qhov chaw zoo nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv nyob ze ntawm ntug hiav txwv thiab cov dej loj, cov teb nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas hav zoov, nrog rau cov av arable nyob rau hauv roob toj siab yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws raws li qhov chaw zoo-tsim nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov noob- thaj chaw loj hlob. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov av tau muab faib rau cov chaw zov me nyuam kom deb li deb tau los ntawm ob qho tib si qos yaj ywm ntawm cov chaw lag luam thiab cov vaj tsev ntawm cov pej xeem. Nyob rau hauv cov ciam teb ntawm ib cheeb tsam cais noob-loj hlob, muaj peev xwm ntawm spontaneous cog qos yaj ywm yuav tsum raug cais tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub vaj ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos thiab lub caij ntuj sov cottages.
Los ntawm cov tswv yim pom zoo, tsim kom muaj qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb cov noob qoob loo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum loj hlob thawj tiam neeg, cov txheej txheem siv tau thiab siv tau zoo heev yog "micro-isolation" siv kev tiv thaiv kev tshuaj xyuas cov qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo lossis cov nyom raws. cov npoo ntawm daim teb (Daim duab 2).
Rice. 2. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cais tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm thawj tiam neeg uas siv kev tiv thaiv kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo raws cov npoo ntawm daim teb.
Txhawm rau lav qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv noob hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb cov noob qoob loo, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv cov kev ua liaj ua teb zoo tshaj plaws uas txwv tsis pub kis tus kab mob hauv thaj chaw, suav nrog:
- ua raws li cov qauv tsim rau spatial cais ntawm cov thawj thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb cov noob qos yaj ywm los ntawm kev cog qoob loo ntawm qis dua;
- tsim kom muaj kev pom zoo tshaj plaws rau kev loj hlob sai thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab ceev tuber tsim thaum lub caij loj hlob;
- nqa tawm phyto-tu tsis tu ncua nrog qhov ntxov tshaj plaws tau tsis lees paub thiab tshem tawm cov kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, raws li qhov ua tau ntawm kev kis kab mob;
- kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab zoo, nrog rau kev npaj cov ntxhia thiab zaub roj tawm tsam aphids uas muaj kab mob kis;
- tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum ntxov rau kev tshem tawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus thaum ua tiav cov noob lag luam siab tshaj plaws ntawm tubers, suav nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev saib xyuas cov kab mob thiab kab uas muaj kab mob (migratory hom ntawm aphids) nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm txhua qhov kev ua liaj ua teb;
- tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov chaw cia khoom, khoom siv, tshuab, ntim khoom ua ntej khaws cov noob ntau.
Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw cog qoob loo, cov khoom siv noob yuav tsum tau ua nruj me ntsis raws li cov txheej txheem tsim tau zoo rau cov pawg thiab cov chav kawm ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm tsim.
Cov peev txheej ntawm cov khoom siv nkag hauv thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw uas tau xaiv yuav tsum txwv rau cov uas ua tau raws li cov qauv kev ua tau zoo. Nws raug tso cai siv cov khoom siv los ntawm ntau qhov chaw, tab sis tsuas yog tias nws ua tau raws li cov qauv tsim tau zoo. Cov khoom pib noj qab haus huv yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam thiab tsev cog khoom, uas tej zaum yuav nyob sab nraum cheeb tsam.
Tom qab kev txhim kho ntawm thaj chaw, tsuas yog cov khoom siv noob uas tsim nyob rau hauv nws cov ciam teb yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv nws cheeb tsam yav tom ntej. Kev cog cov khoom tsim tawm sab nraud ntawm qhov chaw feem ntau tsis tso cai. Hauv qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb los xyuas kom muaj kev tswj xyuas cov pej xeem lub vaj thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, npaj cov noob qos yaj ywm zoo rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg ua teb hauv zos thiab cov neeg nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov. Hauv kev xyaum, qhov no tsuas yog ua tau raws li kev yeem koom tes ntawm ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos thiab cov kev txaus siab ntawm cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv kev hloov maj mam hloov ntawm lawv cov khoom qub hauv zos nrog ib qho tshiab, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov noob tswj. - thaj chaw loj hlob.
Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom siv thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb hauv thaj chaw tswj hwm yog kev qhia txog kev tshuaj xyuas tshwj xeeb, uas yuav tsum sib txuas cov kev tshawb fawb phytosanitary tsis tu ncua thiab kev kuaj sim ntawm cov khoom siv noob siv cov nplooj thiab tuber qauv. Kev ua raws cai nruj raws li cov qauv kev sim kuaj cov qauv thiab cov txheej txheem rau cov chav kawm / tiam ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau. Yog li, nyob rau hauv thawj invitro cov ntaub ntawv npaj rau clonal micropropagation nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam, 100% ntawm cov nroj tsuag raug kuaj los ntawm ELISA thiab PCR tsom xam. Thaum loj hlob mini-tubers hauv tsev cog khoom, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 250 cov nroj tsuag los ntawm txhua hom yog kuaj los ntawm ELISA. Hauv thawj daim teb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, 200 cov nroj tsuag hauv ib daim phiaj ntawm txhua yam yog kuaj los ntawm ELISA (lossis 200 tubers hauv cov qauv tom qab sau tuber). Hauv cov qauv tom qab sau qoob los ntawm cov qoob loo super-super elite, 200 tubers ntawm txhua pawg raug kuaj los ntawm ELISA. Ntawm cov qos yaj ywm super-cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb, ntxiv rau kev soj ntsuam pom ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thaum lub sij hawm kev soj ntsuam, cov nroj tsuag uas tsis txaus ntseeg pom cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob raug kuaj xyuas siv cov txheej txheem immunodiagnostic.
Kev taw qhia txog kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ua ke nrog kev soj ntsuam phytosanitary thiab yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas ntawm cov pawg siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov noob qos yaj ywm hauv thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb cog qoob loo yuav tsum dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov qoob loo qub thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb.
Hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tsim cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov noob qos yaj ywm, daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm thaj av ua liaj ua teb los ntawm kev tshawb fawb los txheeb xyuas cov kab tsuag, kab mob thiab cov nroj tsuag nrog rau kev muab daim ntawv hla tebchaws phytosanitary ntawm cov teb tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lub xub ntiag ntawm phytosanitary passports ntawm teb yog ib qho ntawm cov kev cai rau kev yeem daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov tib neeg thiab cov koom haum raug cai koom nrog hauv kev tsim khoom (loj), kev ua haujlwm (kev npaj), ntim khoom thiab muag cov noob ntawm ntau pawg.
Cov ntawv sau cia
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